Bài giảng Global Business Today 6e - Chapter 1: Globalization

Global Business Today 6eby Charles W.L. HillMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 GlobalizationWhat Is Globalization?Question: What is globalization? Globalization refers to the trend towards a more integrated global economic systemTwo key facets of globalization are:the globalization of marketsthe globalization of production What Is Globalization?The globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplaceThe globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (labor energy, land, and capital) The Emergence of Global InstitutionsSeveral global institutions have emerged tohelp manage, regulate, and police the global market placepromote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business systemNotable global institutions includethe World Trade Organization (WTO) the International Monetary Fund (IMF)the World Bank the United Nations (UN)Drivers of Globalization Question: What is driving the move toward greater globalization? There are two macro factors underlying the trend toward greater globalizationdeclining trade and investment barrierstechnological change Drivers of GlobalizationGrowth in World Merchandise Trade and Production, 1950 - 2006Drivers of GlobalizationInternational trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another countryForeign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home countryThe Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyIn the 1960s: the U.S. dominated the world economy and the world trade picturethe U.S. dominated world FDI U.S. multinationals dominated the international business scene about half the world-- the centrally planned economies of the communist world-- was off limits to Western international businessToday, much of this has changed.The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyThe Changing Demographics of World GDP and TradeThe Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyThe share of world output generated by developing countries has been steadily increasing since the 1960sThe stock of foreign direct investment (total cumulative value of foreign investments) generated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady declineThere has been a sustained growth in cross-border flows of foreign direct investmentThe largest recipient of FDI has been China The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyPercentage Share of Total FDI Stock, 1980 - 2006The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyFDI Inflows, 1988 - 2007The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyA multinational enterprise is any business that has productive activities in two or more countriesSince the 1960s, there has been a rise in non-U.S. multinationalsthere has been a rise in mini-multinationalsThe Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyToday, many markets that had been closed to Western firms are openThe collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has created a host of export and investment opportunities Economic development in China has created huge opportunities despite continued Communist controlFree market reforms and democracy in Latin America have created opportunities for new markets and new sources of materials and productionThe Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyA more integrated global economy presents new opportunities for firms, but it can also result in political and economic disruptions that may throw plans into disarrayThe Globalization Debate Question: Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing? Many experts believe that globalization is promoting greater prosperity in the global economy, more jobs, and lower prices for goods and servicesOthers feel that globalization is not beneficialManaging in the Global Marketplace Question: What does the shift toward a global economy mean for managers within an international business?Managing an international business (any firm that engages in international trade or investment) differs from managing a domestic business in four key waysManaging in the Global MarketplaceCountries differences require companies to vary their practices country by countryManagers face a greater and more complex range of problemsInternational companies must work within the limits imposed by governmental intervention and the global trading systemInternational transactions require converting funds and being susceptible to exchange rate changes