Cấu tạo từ - Từ loại (word formation – parts of speech)

KHÓA  HỌC  LUYỆN  THI  THPTQG  CÙNG  CÔ  MAI  PHƯƠNG  &  NGOẠI  NGỮ  24H     WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN 1       Đăng  ký học: 0962 60 8801 – 04 6260 3948 Địa chỉ: Số 18 Trần Đại Nghĩa – Q Hai Bà Trưng – Hà nội 1   1 – CÁCH NHẬN BIẾT CÁC LOẠI TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH A. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS 1. –ism : criticism, heroism, patriotism 2. –nce : importance, significance, dependence, resistance, 3. –ness : bitterness, darkness, hardness 4. –ion : pollution, suggestion, action, 5. –ment : accomplishment, commencement, enhancement, excitement, 6. –(i)ty : purity, authority, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty, faculty, honesty, plenty, safety 7. –age : baggage, carriage, damage, language, luggage, marriage, passage 8. –ship : citizenship, fellowship, scholarship, friendship, hardship, 9. –th : bath, birth, death, growth, health, length, strength, truth, depth, breadth, wealth. 10. –dom : freedom, kingdom, wisdom 11. –hood : childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, likelihood, 12. –ure : closure, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure, 13. –cy : bankruptcy, democracy, accuracy, expectancy, efficiency, 14. –(t)ry : rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, machinery, scenery, bravery 15. –logy : archaeology, geology, sociology, zoology 16. –graphy : bibliography, biography TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI (Word formation – Parts of speech) KHÓA  HỌC  LUYỆN  THI  THPTQG  CÙNG  CÔ  MAI  PHƯƠNG  &  NGOẠI  NGỮ  24H     WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN 2         Đăng  ký học: 0962 60 8801 – 04 6260 3948 Địa chỉ: Số 18 Trần Đại Nghĩa – Q Hai Bà Trưng – Hà nội 2   B. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS 1. – or : actor, creator, doctor, tailor, visitor. bachelor 2. – er : northerner, villager, airliner, sorcerer 3. – ee : employee, payee, absentee, refugee. 4. – ist : economist, dentist, pianist, optimist, perfectionist 5. – ician : magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician, 6. – ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant C. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS 1. – ent : independent, sufficient, absent, ancient, apparent, 2. – ant : important, significant , abundant, ignorant, brilliant, 3. – ful : beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful, Exceptions: handful, mouthful, spoonful are nouns 4. – ic classic, historic, artistic, economic, 5. – less : doubtless, fearless, powerless, countless, tireless, 6. – ive : authoritative, demonstrative, talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive 7. – ous : dangerous, glorious, murderous, hilarious, 8. – able : reliable, comfortable, suitable. 9. – ible : audible, edible, terrible 10. – al : central, general, oral, tropical, tidal Exceptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns 11. – ory : mandatory, compulsory, satisfactory Exceptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are nouns 12. – ary : contrary, primary, temporary, necessary 13. – y : angry, happy, icy, messy, milky, tidy, chilly, 14. – ly :friendly, cowardly, manly 15. – (r)ate (10%): temperate, accurate, considerate, literate TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI (Word formation – Parts of speech) KHÓA  HỌC  LUYỆN  THI  THPTQG  CÙNG  CÔ  MAI  PHƯƠNG  &  NGOẠI  NGỮ  24H     WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN 3       Đăng  ký học: 0962 60 8801 – 04 6260 3948 Địa chỉ: Số 18 Trần Đại Nghĩa – Q Hai Bà Trưng – Hà nội 3   16. – ish: foolish, bookish, bluish, reddish D. COMMON VERB ENDINGS 1. – en/ en – : listen, happen, strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften, widen, entrust, enslave, enlarge, encourage, enable, enrich 2. – ate : assassinate, associate, fascinate, separate, vaccinate, evacuate 3. – ize : idolize, apologize, sympathize, authorize, fertilize 4. – ify : satisfy, solidify, horrify E. COMMON ADVERB ENDING 1. – ly : firstly, fully, greatly, happily, hourly 2. – wise : otherwise, clockwise 3. – ward : backward, inward, onward, eastward 2. CHỨC NĂNG CỦA MỘT SỐ TỪ LOẠI a. Danh từ (Noun) Sau tính từ (adj + N) They are interesting books. Sau - mạo từ: a /an / the - từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, - từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several ... - tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its He is a student. These flowers are beautiful. She needs some water. Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) She buys books. She meets a lot of people. Sau giới từ (prep. + N) He talked about the story yesterday. He is interested in music. TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI (Word formation – Parts of speech) KHÓA  HỌC  LUYỆN  THI  THPTQG  CÙNG  CÔ  MAI  PHƯƠNG  &  NGOẠI  NGỮ  24H     WWW.NGOAINGU24H.VN 4         Đăng  ký học: 0962 60 8801 – 04 6260 3948 Địa chỉ: Số 18 Trần Đại Nghĩa – Q Hai Bà Trưng – Hà nội 4   Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) The man has just arrived. Sau enough (enough + N) I don’t have enough money to buy that house. b. Tính từ (Adj) Trước N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books. Sau TO BE I am tired. Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem It becomes hot. She feels sad. Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): extremely (cực kỳ), completely (hoàn toàn), really (thực sự), terribly, very, quite, rather, It is extremely cold. I’m terribly sorry. She is very beautiful. Sau keep / make The news made me happy. Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small. Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough. Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak. A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, + (Adj) + Noun My new car is blue. Trong câu cảm thán: - How + adj + S + V - Wht + (a / an) + adj + N How beautiful the girl is! What an interesting film! c. Trạng từ (Adv) Sau V thường He drove carefully. Trước Adj I meet an extremely handsome man. Giữa cụm V She has already finished the job. Đầu câu hoặc trước dấu phẩy Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party. Sau too V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus. Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident. Trước enough V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough for every body to read. TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI (Word formation – Parts of speech)