Research to improve selection of appropriate species for local conditions and to improve
brood stock culture, larval and fingerling rearing systems. Research in the development
and application of natural feeds for larvae and nursery culture and the reduction of trash
fish feeding systems through the use of compound feeds for the grow out phase.
Development of sustainable production systems including prevention, management and
control of disease, and identification and mitigation of environmental impacts.
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Developing an Agricultural Research
and Development Priority
Framework
for Vietnam
Fisheries Sub-Sector Workshop
Data and Information Sheets:
Areas of Research & Development
Opportunity (ARDOs)
ARDO 1: Marine Finfish
ARDO 2: Cold Water Fish
ARDO 3: Crustaceans
ARDO 4: Mollusks
ARDO 5: Fresh Water Fish
ARDO 6: Post Harvest, Processing & Value Adding
ARDO 7: Extraction of Bio-Active Compounds
ARDO 8: Resource Management & Conservation
ARDO 9: Mechanisation
December 2006
Fisheries Priroity Workshop Data & Evaluation Sheets
1
ARDO 1: MARINE FINFISH
1 ARDO DEFINITION
1.1. National Goal:
To increase the scale of sustainable production and quality of marine finfish, including
the development of reliable seed stock and fingerling supplies and high value fish.
The MOFI target for 2010 is 300,000 tons of marine finfish with a market value of
US$4 billion.
1.2. Research Scope:
Research to improve selection of appropriate species for local conditions and to improve
brood stock culture, larval and fingerling rearing systems. Research in the development
and application of natural feeds for larvae and nursery culture and the reduction of trash
fish feeding systems through the use of compound feeds for the grow out phase.
Development of sustainable production systems including prevention, management and
control of disease, and identification and mitigation of environmental impacts.
1.3. Coverage:
Main species include: grouper, cobia, Red sea bream, and sea bass.
2. INDUSTRY STATISTICS
2.1 Introduction
Vietnam has 3260km of coastline extending from the North to the South and ideal
natural conditions for the development of marine aquaculture. Marine finfish
aquaculture has developed in the last few decades. Grouper was introduced in the
1980s in the northern of Vietnam and since then has been widely cultured throughout
the whole country. Other species, such as cobia, sea bass, Red sea bream, milkfish and
pompano are cultured sea cage systems and inland earthen ponds.
To date, marine aquaculture is not a well developed industry. It is small scale, depends
on natural seed collection and the use trash fish feeds. Limited research has been
undertaken with variable results. Survival rates of larvae remain low and most
fingerlings either come from the wild or from imports from China. Similarly, cobia
propagation is still unstable and need to be improved.
Marine finfish aquaculture is a new industry that has a big potential, opportunities to
exploit such as natural conditions and potential for high demand in domestic and
international markets.
2.2. Industry Characteristics and Prospects
Growing Areas and Yields
In general, marine finfish aquaculture such as culture of grouper and cobia is
dominated by sea cage systems that are applied in Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Nam
Dinh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa,
and Vung Tau provinces.
Fisheries Priroity Workshop Data & Evaluation Sheets
2
Production
Marine finfish is a new industry in Vietnam. There is little information or statistics
on production available.
Some information on the number of cages e.g. Hai Phong about 8000 cages and in
Quang Ninh. About 4000 cages sea cages.
Value and Markets
Grouper is a high value species in national and international markets. For example,
spotted grouper is the lowest price of among other grouper, but the price is
approximately of 10USD. Other marine finfish such as cobia, sea bass, and Red sea
bream have lower value, average of 3-4USD/kg.
The price of grouper varies depending on the demand from the local and
international market.
Table 1. Price of orange spotted grouper in Quangninh and Haiphong, 2006
(USD/kg)
Month Fish size (kg) Quang Ninh (USD/kg) Hai Phong (USD/kg)
January 0.5 – 2 11.39 12.032 – 4 10.13 10.44
February
0.5 – 2 10.76 12.03
2 – 4 9.49 10.44
March 0.5 – 2 11.39 12.032 – 4 9.49 10.13
April
0.5 – 2 10.76 11.39
2 – 4 6.96 7.59
May 0.5 – 2 10.13 11.392 – 4 6.33 7.59
June
0.5 – 2 13.92 15.19
2 – 4 10.13 11.39
Average 10.07 10.97
Table 2. Price of some Grouper species in Hong Kong, China 2006
English name China (USD/kg) Hong Kong (USD/kg)
Humpback grouper 75.00 70.00
Leopard coral grouper 60.28 43.74
Red grouper 30.00 39.58
Tiger grouper 13.33 15.64
Giant grouper 15.92 15.00
Duskytail grouper 12.50 12.00
Orange-spotted grouper 9.06 10.30
Currently the domestic price of orange spotted grouper is higher than China and
Hong Kong market but with the development of grouper aquaculture industry, the
demand for grouper product in domestic is becoming lower than supply
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Development of export markets is necessary for the survival of the grouper and
marine finfish industry. Currently, the main market for grouper and cobia are China,
Hong Kong Taiwan and Singapore.
Comparative Advantage
Long coastline, appropriate for sea farming operations.
Young population and comparatively low labour cost is another advantage for the
development of this industry.
Major disadvantage is high cost of imported feed and ability to provide sufficient
locally produced seed stock.
Membership of WTO will provide opportunities to export but is likely to have some
comparative disadvantage to industry development as import tax and trade barriers
for imports are likely to be reduced.
Government Policies
Name and contents of regulations Publisher Date of issue
Decision No 112/2004/QD-TTG National fisheries and
aquaculture development program from now to 2010 and
the direction for 2015
Approved by Prime
Minister of Vietnam
11/1/2006
Decision No 154/2006/QD-TTG National administration
on drugs and chemicals and food safety condition in
aquaculture from 2006 to 2010.
Approved by Prime
Minister of Vietnam
30/6/2006
Decision No 03/2005/CT-BTS Control the chemical and
drug residuals in aquaculture.
MOFI 3/7/2005
Decision No 07/2005/QĐ Amendment on list of banned
chemicals and drugs in aquaculture.
MOFI 2/24/2005
Veterinary ordinance amendment in 2005 The content of
new amendment is similar to previous edition with 6
chapters and 71 articles.
National Assembly
Publishing House
2005
Veterinary ordinance Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development
2004
Decision No 112/2004/QD-TTG The national fisheries
program to 2010
Approved by Prime
Minister of Vietnam
2004
National standard No TCVN 6986: 2001 Water quality
standards for industrial effluent discharged into coastal
waters for the purpose of the aquatic animal life
protection.
MOFI 2004
Sector standard No 28 TCN 192: 2004 Cage culture area
-Conditions for food safety.
MOFI 2004
Fisheries law National Assembly
Publishing House
12/10/2003
Decision No 01/2002/QĐ-BTS List of banned chemicals
and drugs in aquaculture.
MOFI 2002
National standard No TCVN 6984: 2001 Water quality
standards for industrial effluent discharged into coastal
waters for the purpose of the aquatic animal life
protection.
National standard 2001
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Name and contents of regulations Publisher Date of issue
Decision No 224/1999/QD The aquaculture development
program from 1999 to 2010
Approved by Prime
minister of Vietnam
2000
Decision No 103/2000/QD-TTG National policies on
fisheries propagation
Approved by Prime
Minister of Vietnam
2000
3. Industry Analysis
3.1. Structure
Households and Size of Holdings
Grouper and cobia culture systems implement traditional small scale culture methods
based on bamboo cages, wooden cages. Square or reticular cages are of 20 to 50
cubic meters. Advantages of these systems are low installation cost, easy to manage
and appropriate for small farms. For example, the price of a wooden cage of 100m³
in catba is about 2,000 USD. This type of culture system is suitable for lagoons
where there is little impact from big waves and strong winds. Return on capital
investment is relatively short and may take 2-3 years to reach the break even point
depending on the experience of farm owner and the investment capacity.
Recently, some commercial farmers have adopted a Norwegian production model
using a circular cage with a larger volume (500-750m3). There are some private and
international companies invest to grow some marine species including grouper, cobia
pompano, and pearl in the coastal areas or offshore areas. The operational cost of
these companies is not yet documented, so there is no information about the time to
reach breakeven point.
Because of white spot disease in shrimp farming, many shrimp farmers are shifting
into marine finfish culture. Species cultured in shrimp ponds include sea bass, Red
sea bream and milkfish.
3.2 Supporting Infrastructure
There is no commercial pellet feed for marine finfish available at the moment, so
farmers still use trash fish.
No marine finfish processing manufacture available yet. Therefore, the trading of
marine aquaculture product is dominated by private company or traders.
3.3. Markets
Currently the domestic market for marine finfish aquaculture products is mainly in
restaurants, hotels and tourist areas. The domestic market is expected to grow
considerably as supply increases, per capita income increases and market prices
decrease.
The main export markets are China and Hong Kong, with smaller volumes to Taiwan
and Singapore. The volume of exports is small and most exports are live fish carried
by private companies.
3.4. Future Trends and Key Market Issues
Asian economy is rapidly growing and demand for grouper and other marine
commodities will increase, especially in the China market. There are some
Fisheries Priroity Workshop Data & Evaluation Sheets
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advantages for Vietnamese grouper aquaculture as this market is close and transport
costs are low. Japan is another potential market for marine finfish product is Japan.
Foreign investment in marine finfish product is developing with Russian and
Norwegian finance for marine farms in central Vietnam. The product of these
companies will be directly exported to Russian market.
Membership of WTO will create additional opportunities to access international
market.
It is estimated that demand for grouper in the domestic and international market will
be about 15,000 tons per year in next few years. The value of these markets is
estimated to be US$90 million.
With the development of national economy and increases in the number of wealthy
people the local market for marine finfish is likely to grow, particularly for grouper
species. In the short term is likely that most production increases will lead toward
development of the local market through farmers directly selling to local restaurants
and to middleman, who will transfer live marine finfish product to big cities.
4. R&D Information
4.1. Main Research Areas
Marine finfish propagation
Grouper and cobia brood stock culture technique
Grouper and cobia seed spawning and fertilization
Natural food production for groupers and cobia larvae rearing
Grouper and cobia fingerling culture techniques
Red sea bream spawning and fertilization
Red sea bream nursery techniques
Grow out culture technique
Sea cage design, produce and practice management
Sea cage aquaculture techniques
Pellet compounds for grow out phase of marine finfish aquaculture
Marine finfish culture techniques in earthen pond and inland farming systems
Environmental practices management in marine finfish culture in earthen ponds and
in the sea cages farming
Nutrient
Artificial feed production for marine finfish larvae nursery
Natural feed production for marine finfish larvae nursery
Essential nutrients component requirement in larvae stages
Nutrients requirement of marine finfish species at grow out stage
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Marine finfish diseases prevention and control
Research on microbial diseases in marine finfish including disease cause by
parasites, protozoan, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
Studying the diseases prevention and controlling method base on:
Brood stock and fingerling screening
Better management practices in sea cages farming and earthen pond system
Vaccine development and vaccination to prevent bacterial infections and viral
diseases especially VNN infection in groupers, sea bass, cobia and other comedies
species.
Application of herb extract to control diseases in sea farm
4.2. Major Research Providers
Ministry of Fisheries
Research institute for aquaculture No1
Research institute for aquaculture No2
Research institute for aquaculture No3
Research institute for marine fisheries
Universities
Nha trang fisheries university
Fisheries research institute of Cantho university
Fisheries faculty of agriculture and forestry of Hochiminh university
Fisheries faculty of Hanoi agriculture No1 University
Fisheries faculty of Thainguyen University
Fisheries colleges No 4
4.3. Funding
Estimated total funding for marine finfish research in 2005 is 246,667.00 USD. The
government fund was 130,000.00 USD and 116.667.00 USD from international
projects including NORAD and DANIDA. There is no data on provinces and private
company funding for marine finfish aquaculture study.
4.4. Major Achievements to Date
Some research on reproduction of grouper, cobia, sea bass and Red sea bream. For
example, the project on grouper seed production funded by Vietnamese government
was carried out from 2002 to 2005.
The national marine seed production center, sub-institute for marine aquaculture in
the northern center of Vietnam, the marine seed production center in the south of
Vietnam can produce some groupers fingerling, cobia, sea bass, milkfish, and Red
sea bream.
Tradition marine sea cage farming operation and practices
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Report on some common diseases of grouper and cobia in sea cage farming.
5 SWOT Analysis
Strengths Weakness
Environment and natural resources are
appropriate for marine finfish aquaculture
development.
Potential for large increases in domestic
and export markets
Close to potential high value export
markets
Long history of aquaculture activities, so
farmers have experience in fish culture
Relatively good human resource skills in
aquaculture in general and marine
aquaculture sector.
Low labour cost likely to increase
competitiveness for marine finfish
aquaculture industry.
Useful as an alternative production option
for disease affected shrimp ponds
Some large scale investment in marine
aquaculture now occurring
The support from government and other
agencies is also a creative advantages for
this industry
Marine finfish aquaculture is a new
industry so development of new knowledge
and research could be a challenge for
sustainable development.
To date most of the production is small
scale using traditional wild seed collection
and trash fish feeding systems
Lack of national strategies, planning and
development for marine finfish aquaculture
may adversely affect the development of
this industry.
No local commercial production of pellet
feed compounds
Poor infrastructure for product processing
Relative high cost of entry into commercial
scale fisheries and lack of funding may
delay development of marine finfish
aquaculture industry.
Relatively poorly developed technologies
in culture, propagation, pellet feed,
processing, environment and disease
management.
Opportunities Threats
Improvement in income will provide
opportunities to expand the domestic
market for marine finfish aquaculture
products.
To be a member of WTO is another
opportunity to export products of this
industry to the larger market.
Adaptation new techniques into marine
finfish aquaculture.
Encourage more smaller scale and more
private and international companies to
invest in marine finfish aquaculture
Development of technical expertise on
propagation, nursery, and culture
techniques.
Development of production systems that
are efficient and produce marine finfish
products that met international standards
for food safety
Wild catch of grouper fingerlings may
cause depletion of natural resources with
adverse impacts on the marine ecosystem.
Natural disaster is another threat for marine
finfish aquaculture industry.
Adoption of high stocking, more intensive
and larger sea farming size, diseases and
waste pollution may directly impact on
sustainable development.
Membership of WTO is likely to reduce
import tax for competitor countries and
lower cost imports may impact on industry
development and competitiveness.
Fisheries Priroity Workshop Data & Evaluation Sheets
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ARDO 2: Cold Water Fish
1. ARDO DEFINITION
1.1. National Goal:
To diversify freshwater species to increase the value of freshwater aquaculture and to
meet the demand of domestic and international markets
1.2. Research Scope:
Research on hatchery technology and grow out in different farming systems.
Development of suitable feeds and feeding systems, disease management and control
and assessment of environment impacts on and of aquaculture and food safety.
1.3. Coverage:
Samonoidae family includes Oncorhinchus mykiss, white fish. This fish is family
Coregonidae and scientific name is Coregonus lavaretus
Acipensidae family including Acipenser baerri, A. ruthenus
2. INDUSTRY STATISTICS
2.1 Introduction
Presently, among the freshwater fish species, there are a few low value species which
are produced in large volume to meet the domestic and international markets such as
tilapia, tra and basa catfish. The group of species having high value in the markets does
not exist in aquaculture practice in Vietnam. Recent information indicates that in 2004,
Vietnam imported 500 tons of Atlantic salmon from Norway. During the first half of
2005, import volume has increased 150%, and it is predicted that import volume by the
end of 2005 will reach to 1500 tons. A part of the import fish products meets the
domestic consumption and a part is sued for processing and re-exporting to other
international market. From the above information it may conclude that the culture of
the low value species is sufficient but high value species are practically in shortage and
due to increase of the domestic demand, the import of these fish products is required.
Trout and sturgeon are considered as alternative option for aquaculture of the tropical
species in the North Vietnam during the winter period, when temperature of water is not
suitable for grow out of the tropical fishes. Thus these fish species are quite attractive
for many farmers in the North.
2.2. Industry Characteristics and Prospects
Growing Areas and Yields
The condition for culture of the cold species is the limitation of water temperature
which should be lower than 240C for at least 4 months of the year. With this condition,
in the North during the period of late autumn to beginning spring, some water bodies
(ponds, reservoirs, rivers, and springs) can be used for culture of these species. In
Northern mountain provinces and central plateau, most of water bodies at the attitude
above 1000m are available for culture of these species around year.
Fisheries Priroity Workshop Data & Evaluation Sheets
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Production
In 2005, only 1500m2 of the pond was used for growing out rainbow trout and
250m3 of cages and tanks were used for culture of the sturgeon.
In 2006, 3.4 hectares of the pond (1 ha in Lam dong province, 1,5 ha in Lao cai, 0.5
ha in Lai chau, 0.2 ha in Ha giang, 0.2 ha in Cao bang) were constructed for trout
culture
Three farms used circulation systems in Hai duong, and other 1000m3 of the cages