Đề tài Developing an Agricultural Research and Development Priority Framework for Vietnam Livestock Sub-Sector Workshop

Developing an Agricultural Research and Development Priority Framework for Vietnam Livestock Sub-Sector Workshop Data and Information Sheets: Areas of Research & Development Opportunity (ARDOs) ARDO 1. Large Animals ARDO 2. Small Ruminant Animals ARDO 3. Pig Production ARDO 4. Poultry ARDO 5. Productive Insects ARDO 6. Veterinary Vaccines & Animal Remedies ARDO 7. Animal Feed Processing & Conservation December 2007 Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 1 ARDO 1: LARGE ANIMALS 1.1 National Goal To increase the contribution of domestic production to overall domestic demands through the intensification of beef, dairy and buffalo production in regions with comparative advantages to produce high quality and high value products, create employment in production and processing industries and improving income and livelihoods of farmers. Production Targets are:  Buffalo: 3.07 million head by 2010 and 3.23 million by 2015; buffalo meat production 72.000 tones by 2010 and 88.000 tones by year 2015.  Beef: 7.1 million head by 2010 and 9 million by 2015; meat production 210,000 tones by 2010 and 310,000 tones by 2015.  Milk: 200,000 head by 2010 and 350,000 by 2015; fresh milk production 350,000 tones by 2010 and 670,000 tones by 2015. The dairy industry sets the target of meeting 33% of the milk demand by 2010 and 42% by 2015 1.2 R&D Scope  Genetic improvement through breeding and selection programs to generate beef, dairy buffalo cattle breeds with higher productivity  Research to develop profitable technologies for feeding and managing beef, dairy and buffalo cattle.  Research to develop feeding standards and to formulate nutritionally balanced supplementary diets for beef and dairy cattle.  Research activities to develop animal waste management programs for environmentally sustainable cattle production systems. 1.3 Coverage Herds of beef, dairy and buffalo cattle owned by smallholders and state farms. 2. INDUSTRY STATISTICS 2.1. Introduction Cattle production is an important area of agriculture production in general and livestock production in particular. With rice as a main crop buffalo played an important role in agriculture and in the life of Vietnamese farmers, they are often called “the beginning of inheritance”. Buffalo are a multipurpose animal in agriculture production as they are main source of draught power for land preparation and transportation in the rural area, and supply a huge amount of fresh organic manure for cultivation. They are also well adapted to using local feed resources, and are often a means of saving money, and a source of credit for the farmers. As the mechanization process has been developed, the role of supplying draught power was reduced, a part of buffalo population moved to meat production. Though the cattle production systems have been established long time ago, it was not until 1960’s that the Government issued the first National policy to promote the development of the cattle production systems. In order to shift from the production Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 2 system for draught purpose to specialized meat and milk production systems, Vietnam has been implementing a number of research projects and programs to improve the quality of beef and dairy cattle breeds. However, the quality of beef and dairy cattle breeds is still poor which results in beef and dairy production systems with a low productivity and hence profitability. In a production system, improving productivity and quality of meat or milk products is closely related to profitability and sustainability of the system. However, in order to achieve the target of producing foods of quality, hygiene and safety in the small household-based system, it requires adequate investments of both finance and technology. 2.2. Industry Characteristics and Prospects 2.2.1 Animal Populations Buffalo Table 1. Buffalo Population (2001-2006) Unit: 1000 head Location 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Whole country 2,807.8 2,814.4 2,834.9 2,869.8 2,922.1 2,921.1 Red River delta 136.9 125.8 164.9 154.6 145.9 120.6 North East 1,263.7 1,267.7 1,224.1 1,213.1 1,226.4 1,237.7 North West 381.2 390.3 399.3 437.8 453.1 465.1 North Central Coast 685.4 689.3 706.9 719,4 743.4 737.7 South Central Coast 127.8 129.8 136.9 134.4 139.5 156.5 Central Highlands 47.4 47.6 65.9 68.7 71.9 79.0 South East 125.2 126.4 106 105.4 103.3 85.6 Mekong River Delta 40.2 37.2 35.8 36.4 38.8 37.8 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, MARD (2006)  Over the last 6 years, the total buffalo population increased 4%; however, there was a slight decline in some zones while increased in the others.  The percentage of the buffalo population in each region is North East (42%), North Central Coast (25%), North West (16%), South Central Coast (5%), Red River Delta (4%), South East (3%), Central Highlands (3%), and Mekong River Delta (1%). Beef Cattle  Compared with 2000 cattle numbers have increased by approximately 58%  Cattle are raised in all 8 ecological zones i.e. Red River Delta, North East, North West, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South East, and Mekong River Delta. The cattle population differs from region to region and the Central Region (North Central Coast, South Central Coast, and Central Highlands) has the biggest herd- 2.488 million heads or 37.6% of the total population. Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 3  The statistics shows a slight reduction in the population of cattle over the 2001-2002 period, followed by a steady but rapid increase thereafter.  The Mekong River Delta experienced the highest growth rate (344%). Dairy Cattle Table 3. Changes in the dairy population (2001-2006) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 *The North 6170 8216 17885 24151 26308 23335 Red River Delta 3543 5040 9033 11424 11975 10659 North East 2613 746 2910 4832 5458 5325 North West 14 2103 4044 5048 5058 4090 North Central Coast 35071 327 1898 2847 3817 3261 *The South 132 47632 61358 71643 77812 89880 South Central Coast 804 848 3532 5902 3014 1476 Central Highlands 32298 1007 1732 2119 2549 2901 South East 1837 41937 50098 56098 63939 75066 Mekong River Delta 41241 3840 4996 6823 8310 10437 *Whole country 41.241 55.848 79.243 95.794 104.120 113.215 Source: General Department for Statistics  Total dairy cattle population is 113,215, an increase of 3.78 times the number in 2001.  Dairy cattle are raised in all 8 ecological zones but some areas such as North East and North Central Coast only established the dairy industry in 2001, yet the dairy herds in these two zones in 2006 were 5325 and 3261 heads, respectively.  The dairy herd in Mekong River Delta had increased by approximately 5.7 times during the 201-2006 period  According to the statistics the increase in the dairy herd was greatest during the 2002 to 2004 period as provinces and/or cities issued policies to promote dairy production. However, this resulted in a high demand for dairy cows which in turn created a bubble in price of breeding animals.  The subsequent rush into crossbreeding between improved native cows and HF semen (with a poor selection of the cows) had resulted in dairy herds with low performance.  In addition, several companies had imported pure HF and Jersey cows from America, Australia, and New Zealand, with a poor consideration on the animal’s performance and adaptability, to sell to provinces and/or cities. Many among these provinces did not meet the minimum condition required for raising such dairy breeds, yet rushed into the industry. Consequently, the dairy herd had a low milk yield and reproduction rate, and hence a low economical efficiency.  During 2004 to 2006 period, the dairy herd increased at a rate of approximately 8.7% per annum and this better reflected the actual capacity of Vietnam in developing the Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 4 dairy industry. This population growth rate will create favourable conditions for a deeper selection program of dairy breeding cows and hence a more profitable and sustainable industry.  Most dairy cows are in the South East (66%) and Red River Delta (21%) zones, and these two areas are also the two main economic centres of Vietnam and the major markets for dairy products. Therefore processing facilities for milk and dairy products are mainly located in these areas.  Dairy production has tended to be established in areas that have a large market and processing facilities for milk and dairy products and some areas that have a potential for dairy production such as Central Highlands, North West and North East regions only have small dairy herds (some 2.6 – 4.7% of the whole herd) due to its long distance to the big cities. 2.2.2. Breeds Buffalo  Local buffaloes are of the Swamp type (different areas have different names e.g. Ngo buffalo (big size) and Gie buffalo (small size) with a total population of nearly 3 million. In general, Vietnamese Swamp buffaloes have small body size, slow growth rate, late maturity, long calving interval and low milk yield, but are adapted very well with our ecological conditions and they have good disease resistance.  In the 1970s dairy Murrah buffaloes were imported from China, Bulgaria, and India to improve productivity of local buffaloes. Murrah buffaloes were well adapted and raised in many places and crossed with Swamp buffaloes. The number of Murrrah and crosses are still small; they have been kept in state farms and used mainly for research. The crossbred F1 have improved body size, growth rate, draught power, milk yield and also reproductive performance, but at present the number of crossbred buffaloes is small. Beef Cattle  Native or Yellow cattle make up approximately 70% of the total beef cattle population. The breed is small in frame and light in carcass weight, but is well adapted to extensive production systems in small households and high in reproduction rate.  Crossbred animals with more than 50% Zebu blood account 30% of the herd. Crossbreds have a heavier liveweight (35% heavier than Yellow cattle), higher carcass to liveweight ratio (3-5% higher) and adapts well to the household conditions. The calving interval, however, is longer than the Yellow breed.  Pure breeds of large-frame beef cattle such as Brahman and Drought Master have been imported and raised in several places through out the country since 2002. They are less than 1% of the beef animals. Imported animals have heavier liveweight and higher growth rate, but require better quality feeds and feeding practices than native cattle. Therefore, they may not adapt to some places in Vietnam (e.g. Tuyen Quang). Dairy Cattle Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 5 Table 5. Breakdown of dairy breeds Breed Region 1/2HF 3/4HF >3/4HF Pure imported Whole country (heads) 25,826 27,948 36,798 16,437 Whole country (% of total) 24.2 26.1 34.4 15.4 The North (heads) 10,231 6,061 2,963 11,116 The North (% of total) 33.7 20.0 9.8 36.6 The South (heads) 15,631 21,887 33,835 5,321 The South (% of total) 20.4 28.5 44.1 6.9 Source: National Dairy Development Project (2005)  85% of the dairy herd are crossbred Holstein Friesian (HF) with just over 60% of crossbreds being ¾ HF.  Pure dairy breeds imported to Vietnam such as HF and Jersey are kept mostly in Moc Chau, Lam Dong, Thanh Hoa, and Tuyen Quang provinces.  The total number of imported dairy cattle in 2002 to 2004 is 10,000 cows.  Apart from provinces with a long tradition of raising pure HF cattle, some provinces with relatively hot climate such as Can Tho and Ho Chi Minh City are now raising such animals. The milk yield of the pure HF cows in these provinces, however, is lower and averaging approximately 80-85% of those animals raised in such temperate climates as Moc Chau and Lam Dong.  Crossbred animals with a lower HF blood percentage withstand the poor feeding condition and heat stress better than those with higher blood and/or imported pure breeds. 2.2.3. Production Meat Production Table 6. Buffalo and beef meat production and proportion of total meat production over 2001–2006 period (liveweight basis) Items 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total meat produced (1,000 tonne) 1,939.3 2,146.3 2,328.9 2,505.7 2,812.1 3,073.2 Buffalo Total buffalo meat (1,000 kg) 51,380 51,811 53,061 57,457 59,800 64,317 Growth rate of buffalo meat (%) 0.8 2.4 8.3 4.1 7.5 Percentage of buffalo meat in total meat production (%) 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 6 Beef Total beef produced (liveweight basis, 1000 tones) 97.78 104.45 107.54 119.78 142.16 159.46 Growth rate of beef production (%) 4.3 6.9 2.9 11.4 18.7 12.16 Percentage of beef (in total meat production, %) 5.03 4.64 4.59 4.75 5.05 5.19 Population (million people) 78.7 79.7 80.9 82 83.1 84 Production per capita 1.24 1.28 1.33 1.45 1.71 1.90 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, MARD (2006)  Buffalo meat is only about 2% of the total meat production and the annual growth rate of meat produced by buffalos is also low (0.8-8.3%). Because of this proportion of buffalo meat to total meat production falls year by year.  However, according to FAO, the total buffalo meat production of Vietnam is at sixth position in the World.  Annual beef production increased at a high rate of 11 to 18%. The total beef produced in 2006 was 70% higher than that in the year 2000. However, the total beef produced annually still accounts for only a small proportion (4.6-5.2%) of the total meat produced. The potential for beef domestic market is large. Buffalo  Buffalo have been kept mainly for draught, meat is product of old (culled) or thin ones. They were slaughtered without fattening, the meat percentages were low and the quality was not good. Table 7. Buffalo meat production in different zones (2002-2006) Unit: 1,000 kg Location 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Whole country 51,380 51,811 53,061 57,457 59,800 64,317 Red River delta 3,709 4,107 4,675 5,223 5,239 5,990 North East 18,444 19,101 17,562 19,028 19,884 19,449 North West 5,106 5,230 6,139 6,284 6,919 7,554 North Central Coast 8,168 8,816 10,077 11,675 12,726 13,794 South Central Coast 2,147 2,016 2,225 2,380 3,246 3,377 Central Highlands 1,227 2,288 2,441 2,211 1,948 1,899 South East 8,732 8,720 8,022 8,829 8,117 10,478 Mekong River Delta 3,847 1,533 1,920 1,826 1,718 1,724 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, MARD (2006)  Buffalo meat has increased each year with a 25% increase over 6 years (av 4%/year). Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 7 Table 8. Meat percentages of local swamp buffalo Items Unit Old buffalo (culled) Young buffalo (24 months of age) Body weight kg 327 194 Dressing weight kg 127.8 85.8 Dressing percentage % 39 44.3 Lean meat weight kg 93.6 67.9 Lean percentage % 28.6 35.0  Source: Vu Duy Giang et al., 1999  Clearly culled buffaloes have very low dressing percentages. Young buffalo produce higher dressing and lean meat percentages and this could be improved by a short fattening period before slaughter. Table 9. Growth rate and meat percentages of fattened young Swamp buffalo Items Unit Average value Average daily weight gain g/day 520 Slaughter weight Kg 219 Dressing weight Kg 99.7 Lean meat weight Kg 82.6 Dressing percentage % 45.5 Lean meat percentage % 37.7 Source: Nguyen Cong Dinh et al. (2007) Beef Table 10. Growth rate and percentage of carcass weight (in liveweight) of some cattle breeds Breed Parameter Unit Yellow cattle Laisind cattle Sahiwal x Yellow cattle Brahman x Yellow cattle Pure Zebu cattle Birth weight Kg 14 20.1 22 23 27 Weight at 6 months old Kg 63.7 97.5 105 107.5 140 Weight at 12 months old Kg 85 140 160 165 215 Weight at 24 months old Kg 140 200 220 230 350 Mature weight Kg 180 250 280 290 450 Carcass percentage (in liveweight) % 44.2 49.6 49.5 50 55 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, MARD (2005)  The growth rate and carcass percentage of crossbred animals is higher than Yellow cattle. The mature weight and carcass percentage of these groups is 38.8 to 61.1% and 5.3 to 5.8% higher than those parameters of the Yellow breed. Crossbred cows Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 8 have been further crossbred with bulls of high carcass-weight-potential and this is contributing to the improvement of both quality and productivity of the beef cattle in Vietnam. Dairy Production Table 11. Changes in number and production of the dairy herd and milk production per capita (2000-2006) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Population (1000 heads) 35.0 41.2 55.9 79.2 95.8 104.1 113.2 Total milk produced (1000 tones) 52.2 64.7 78.7 126.7 151.3 197.7 216.0 Population (million people) 77.63 78.7 79.7 80.9 82 83.1 84 Milk produced/capita (kg) 0.67 0.82 0.98 1.57 1.84 2.38 2.57 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, MARD (2007)  Number and milk production of the dairy herd has continually increased with a 3 fold increase in numbers and 5 fold increase in milk production over the last 6 years. Higher growth rate of milk production as compared to the growth rate of dairy population is attributed to a higher breed quality of the dairy herd and better nutrition and feeding practices. Table 12. Average milk yield (tones/cow/lactation) of pure and crossbred HF cows 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 Crossbred HF 3.10 3.40 3.60 3.75 3.85 Pure HF 3.80 4.20 4.40 4.50 4.60 Source: Department of Animal Husbandry (2006)  Average milk yield of the crossbred HF cows in 2005 was 24.2% higher than in 2000 and for pure HF cows was 21.1% higher. 2.3. Value and Markets  Buffalo Beef, milk and dairy products are mainly sold in the domestic market.  Consumption of all meat has increased by 44.58% and that of beef by 53.23% over the 2001-2006 period. However, beef consumption still accounts for a small proportion in the total meat consumption (only 5-6%).  Buffalo meat consumption is low (0.6-0.7 kg/person/year) and the proportion in the total meat consumption is about 2%.  The beef consumption per capita in Vietnam is approximately 45.86 and 17.78% that consumption per capita of the South East Asia region (2.95 kg/capita) and Asia continent (8.43 kg/capita), respectively. Livestock Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 9  As the quality of beef produced in Vietnam is relatively low it is mainly consumed by low and medium income consumers.  In the top markets such as hotels, restaurants, and big supermarkets, imported beef accounts for the majority even though the price is always higher (2.5 to 3 times) than the local products.  Milk produced by the dairy industry in Vietnam is approximately 30% of the demand since the average milk consumption in the year 2000 was 5.2 kg per capita and in 2005 7.9 kg while milk produced in 2005 was only 2.38 kg per capita.  Farm gate price for high quality fresh milk is 4500 VND/kg. The comparative price for reconstituted milk (including import tax and VAT) is 4760 VND/kg (excluding freight). 2.4. Comparative Advantage  According to FAO assessment, the trend of animal production in the world towards 2020 is that production of animal products will be moving from developed to developing countries. It is expected that Asia will become the biggest animal production continent.  Because of the low level of production of meat and milk, compared with domestic demand there is a large domestic market to be developed.  The Vietnamese farmer has a saying “take your labour as your business profit” the price of animal products is relatively flexible and hence very competitive.  The milk yield of dairy cows