Think about the positive and negative environmental impacts of each of the broad subsectors? For
some sub‐sectors (e.g. catfish and use of agriculture chemicals, pesticides etc) the environmental
and food safety issues are well known. For others such as forestry for catchment management and a
potential carbon sink and development of mangrove areas for coastal protection the environmental
benefits are intrinsic and difficult to estimate.
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1
Economic Benefits
Consider the following analysis of the four sectors.
Size
Contribution to Agricultural Output (Percentage at current prices)
Gross Output by Sector (1994 prices)
2
Value
Gross Output for Cultivation/Crops Sector (Billion VND 1994 prices)
Gross Output for Fisheries Sector (Billion VND 1994 prices)
Gross Output for Forestry Sector (Billion VND, 1994 prices)
3
Gross Output for the Livestock Sector (Billion VND 1994 prices)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Big animals
Poultry
Non‐meat product
Exports& Imports
Export by Sector (Million USD)
4
5
Export & Import of Crop Products
Export of Crops/Cultivation Products (Mil USD
6
Tea Export
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Prel.
2009
Vo
lu
m
e
(0
00
to
ns
)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
va
lu
e
(m
il.
$)
Volume (000 tons)
Value (mil.$)
Import of Crops/Cultivation Products (000 USD)
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
rice
coffee
tea
pepper
pesticide
fruit&vegetables
rice
Pesticide
Fruit & Vegetables
7
Import and Export of Livestock Products
Import and Export of Livestock Products (Meat and Edible Offal $US 000)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Import
Export
Import of milk/milk products (mil.USD)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1995 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 2009
8
Import and Export of Fisheries Products
Export of Fish products (mill $)
Import value of fish products ($ US)
0
50000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
2007 2008 2009
9
Import and Export of Forestry Products
Import and Export of Forestry Products (Wood, Wood Articles, Charcoal (US$‘000s)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Import
Export
Agriculture Inputs
Fertiliser
Fertilizer import value of Vietnam (000 USD)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Fertilizer domestic production (000 tons)
10
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Animal Feeds
Value of Inputs for Animal Feed and Feed Processing
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
th
ou
sa
nd
U
SD
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(estimate)
Year
Domestic production of the main inputs for feed production and estimated demand for feed
input (1000 tonnes)
Material type 2005 2006
1. Broken rice, paddy and bran1 6084 6090
2. Maize 3401 3437
3. Cassava and potato 2421 2785
4. Soybean and soybean cake 114 127
5. Fish meal 35 112
6. Mineral and premix 68 138
Total domestic output for feed
production 12123 12975
Feed input demand 13630 15864
Estimated Deficit ‐1507 ‐2889
Source: Strategy for Livestock Development to 2020, Department of Livestock Production (2007)
Quantity of imported feed inputs to Vietnam in 2006 (‘000t)
Feed input 2006 2007 2008
1 Broken rice is 3% equivalent to rice; paddy for feed production is equal to 3% of its production and bran is
equal to 11%. The share for feed production of maize is 90%; cassava and potato 80% and soybean 33%.
11
Maize 564.5 612.8 467.8
Extracted rice bran 190.2 488.0 199.9
Wheat bran, flour 490.6 333.6 639.5
Vegetable oil, fish oil 26.4 54.2 ‐
Soybean cake 1591.8 1686.3 2161.8
Soybean 17.6 17.7 293.3
Maize gluten 35.0 54.0 23.5
Animal nutrition 10.7 18.7 166.4
Lactose ‐ 25.9 10.1
Fish meal 54.8 41.2 153.8
Animal by‐products 84.2 ‐ ‐
Premix vitamin 8.3 37.5 0.7
Amino acid (Lyz, Met, Thre) 21.9 19.3 51.9
Mineral, additive 74.7 98.8 16.1
Total 3170.7 3488 4184.8
Sources: Strategy for Livestock Development to 2020, Department of Livestock Production (2007,
2009)
Social & Environmental Benefits
Employment
The agriculture sector is the largest in terms of labour force.
Sector 2009
(persons.)
%
Agriculture and forestry 23022 48.5
Fishing 1766.5 3.7
Mining and quarrying 477.4 1.0
Manufacturing 6851.2 14.4
Electricity, gas and water supply 262.6 0.6
Construction 2692.8 5.7
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor cycles and personal and
household goods
5275.7 11.1
Hotels and restaurants 816.4 1.7
Transport; storage and communications 1198.4 2.5
Financial intermediation 219.6 0.5
Scientific activities and technology 27.3 0.1
Real estate, rending and business activities 257.8 0.5
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 1818 3.8
Education and training 1375 2.9
Health and social work 391.5 0.8
Recreational, cultural and sporting activities 133.7 0.3
Activities of Party and of membership organisations 198.1 0.4
Community, social and personal service activities and private household with employed
persons
959.6 2.0
Total 47443.6 100
What are the off‐farm employment opportunities for each of the four subsectors?
Think about employment in terms of:
• The household level – use of household labour
• The labour market – use of non‐ household labour for farm activities
• The service providers – provision of inputs, advice, traders, marketers
• The value adding sector – manufacturing, processing, packaging, exporting, quality
assurance
12
• The transport sector – freight, shipping etc.
Of the four sub‐sectors, what will the greatest opportunities for future employment be?
Environmental Benefits
Think about the positive and negative environmental impacts of each of the broad subsectors? For
some sub‐sectors (e.g. catfish and use of agriculture chemicals, pesticides etc) the environmental
and food safety issues are well known. For others such as forestry for catchment management and a
potential carbon sink and development of mangrove areas for coastal protection the environmental
benefits are intrinsic and difficult to estimate.
13
Adoption Rates and Profitability
To some extent the statistics tell a good story about adoption rates. For example the growth of the
aquaculture industry and the growth in crop (fruit and vegetables) diversification over the last 10 –
15 years are good examples.
Farmers/producers are often encouraged through subsidies to adopt new production opportunities
and new and improved technologies. However the sustainability of these practices is low and
farmers now seem to look at what their neighbours are doing and how much profit they seem to be
making before deciding to change products or technologies. The longer term statistics, especially
the gross output by agriculture sector provides an indication of the adoption trends, with cultivation
and forestry declining and livestock
and especially aquaculture
(fisheries), increasing. This broad
data masks some changes that are
occurring within each of the
subsectors and raises the issue of
the contribution of research. For
example the area of rice has fallen,
although the total yield has
increased. This is mainly due to the
increase in areas of irrigated land
enabling two and sometimes three
crops of rice to be grown annually.
Some of the increase is also due to
new varieties and better disease and pest management – products of research. There has also been
an increase in the areas of fruit and vegetables within the crops subsector. The fisheries subsector is
characterised by a rapid increase in land areas used for aquaculture with the contribution of
fisheries capture decreasing and the contribution of aquaculture showing remarkable growth.
Agriculture Development Strategy
MARD: Development Strategy for agriculture and rural development, 2011‐ 2020 (Enclosed with
the Letter No. 3310/BNN‐KH dated 12/10/2009 of MARD)Hanoi, 10/2009
1 Achievements
Agricultural, forestry and fisheries growth has been rapid
Since 2000, growth of agriculture production averaged 5.5% per year. Recently, although the
agricultural land has decreased by about 70,000 ha per year and over 100 thousand employees have
left agriculture and the social investment has reduced and natural disasters and diseases have
become more prevalent, the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors have maintained a GDP
growth of 3.8% per year.
The structure of agriculture and rural economy has moved positively and the production structure of
agriculture, forestry, fisheries has moved towards improving productivity, quality and efficiency
associated with market demand. The proportion of agriculture in total GDP declined from 24.5% in
2000 to 20.3% in 2007 and increased again to 22.1% in 2008. Within the industry there is the trend
to increase the proportion of aquatic products and reducing the proportion of crop output value. In
the period 2000 ‐ 2008, the proportion of aquatic products increased from 16% to 23% while crop
products decreased from 65% to 57%.
• Within the crop subsector, during 2000 ‐ 2008 rice area dropped more than 250,000 ha,
while the area of industrial crops, vegetables and fruit continue to expand.
66.30 60.26 57.14
13.50
14.58 15.40
4.31
3.53 3.23
15.89 21.63 24.23
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2005 Prel. 2009
fishing
forestr
y
Gross output of Agriculture by sector (1994 price)
14
• In animal husbandry subsector, animal husbandry farms, family farms are replacing small
animal production models.
• In aquaculture, offshore fishing developed rapidly. To date, there are 130,963 vessels with a
total capacity of 5.4 million CV. In which the vessels with a capacity of 90 CV or more is
14,500 units, accounting for 11%. Fish capture operations tend to move slowly away from
shore, use of facilities, modern machinery to increase production efficiency. Aquaculture
area increased rapidly, and from 2000 to 2008 rose by 408,100 ha. Aquaculture continues to
multi‐species, multi‐type, multi‐modal user‐friendly environment. Aquaculture products,
fishing operations growing to meet consumer demand and domestic supply of raw materials
for export processing.
• In forestry, plantation production was boosted with the program of planting 5 million
hectares. Forest coverage rate reached 38.7% in 2008. Many places have conducted general
saw milling business, development and forest product processing. Furniture after processing
has become an important export commodity.
• Ensuring national food security: the average food per person increased from 445 kg in 2000
to 501 kg in 2008, Vietnam needs to ensure adequate domestic food and export of more
than 4 million tons of rice per year. Compared with other countries in the region, prices of
agricultural products, especially food prices in Vietnam remain at relatively low levels.
• Exports grew rapidly: some items have a strong position in the international marketplace.
Export of agricultural and forest products continue to expand: e.g. rice, rubber, coffee,
pepper, cashew nuts, wood products, aquatic products.
• Value of exports of agricultural, forestry and fisheries for the period 2000 ‐ 2007 reached
51.9 billion dollars, an average of $ 6.5 billion per year, average growth rate of 14.9% per
year.Export turnover in 2007 reached 11.2 billion dollars, 2.7 times that of 2000 Major
increases include: rubber 8.3 times; coffee 3.8 times; rice 2.2 times; tea 1.6 times; nuts 3.9
times; pepper 2.0 times;and wood products 5.9 times. In 2008, seafood export turnover
reached 4.5 billion dollars, accounting for 25% of the total export volume of agricultural,
forestry and fisheries. 5 items had export values of over $ 1 billion (seafood, coffee, rice,
rubber and wood). Agriculture, forestry and fishery sector is the only sector in the economy
with consecutive surpluses, higher than in previous years.
• Export turnover in 2008 reached about $ 16 billion more than 3.8 times in 2000, in which the
average growth of exports from 2000 to 2008 are: rice 13.6%, coffee 19, 4%, rubber 32.5%
of 27.8%, 19.1% of seafood.
• The material life and spiritual life of rural people improved markedly. Per capita income of
rural households increased from 2.7 million per person in 1999 to around 7.8 million per
person in 2007 calculated at current prices. From 2001 to 2006, cumulative saving of rural
households increased 2.1 times, an average of 3.2 million per household to 6.7 million VND
per household
Causes of Achievements
Applying S&T
New science and technology is widely used in agriculture.
• Breeding/variety programs have had great effect contributing in significantly increase
productivity and quality of agriculture in past years. To date, over 90% of rice area, 80% of
corn, and 60% of sugar cane, cotton, fruit trees, used new varieties. Approximately 90% of
plant varieties and animal breeds are created leads to 35% of new variety applied in
15
agriculture production. The advanced cultivation process, the "3 down, 3 up” program,
sustainable farming, IPM ICM, GAP production process have been applied.
• In the animal subsector, use of new breeds leads to improved yield, quality of meat, eggs
and milk.Weight per hog marketed increased by 30 kg per head.
• In the fisheries subsector, a number of aquatic species of high economic value have been put
into production. Many aquatic product processing units reached the level of modern
technology compared to some countries in the region.
• Forestry provides 60% of new varieties for the economy plantation. Rate of planted forests
from under 50% increase to 80%, many forests where productivity has reached 15 ‐
20m3/ha/year.
• Percentage increase in mechanized harvesters, irrigation, transportation, work the land
application rate of mechanical machinery and electrical equipment in animal husbandry,
aquaculture, construction of irrigation increased
2 PROBLEMS STILL EXIST
Development of Agriculture has low sustainability and faces competition
• GDP growth of agriculture over time tends to decrease. From 1995 ‐ 2000, growth rate of
agricultural GDP was 4%, but from 2000 to 2007 it dropped to 3.7%. In 2008, in the context
of world agricultural prices soared, agricultural GDP had recovered to 4.1% growth.
• Crop production still occupies a high proportion (50%), including food crops, especially rice.
Recently, animal husbandry and aquaculture has developed rapidly, but is also unsustainable
as in 2008, the proportion of crop cultivation increased again and the proportion of animal
husbandry and fisheries declined.
• Quality of some animal is low and industry model of raising animals has not really grown, the
ability to control disease is a big problem.
• Aquaculture areas are also unstable. As prices increase, farmers practice deforestation,
reduce rice to switch to aquaculture and vice versa when prices are stagnant and when
markets are oversupplied and some farmers levelled the aquaculture ponds to go back
growing other crops.
• Large farming areas with high intensive farming cause environmental pollution.
• The contribution of forestry in economic growth lower than its potential. Forestry is now
showing a positive role to ensure ecological balance, management of catchments and play a
economic role but it has not been fully exploited. Income from forestry just contributes a
tiny fraction of the total GDP and in the structure of rural household income.Although there
is marked progress, deforestation, forest fires and exploitation of wild animals still occurs.
Wood exports(furniture) have grownrapidly but most of the raw materials are still imported.
Causes of problems
Investment in agriculture and rural development is low
• From 1997 ‐ 2006, the proportion of public expenditure for agriculture accounts for only 5‐
6% of the total state budget, it is much lower than the average of 20% of countries in the
region (Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines). In 2007, investment in agriculture accounts for
15% of the total investment budget, equivalent to 7% of the total value of agricultural
production. While agriculture contributes 20% of GDP, total investment in agriculture
accounts for only 7.5% of GDP. Investment budget for Vietnam's agriculture is equivalent to
16
1.4% of GDP that is lower than average level of China, India and Thailand (8‐16%) and other
Southeast Asian countries (about 8 ‐ 9%) in the period 1990 to 1993
3. STRATEGIES PERIOD 2011 ‐ 2020
Objectives to 2020: Maintain agricultural growth in average 3.5‐4% per year.
Orientation for agricultural development strategy
• Maintain the growth of crop production around 2.5 ‐ 3% per year, of which the in the period
of 2011 to 2015 it is about 2.7% per year and the period from 2016 to 2020 it is about 2.6%
per year with solutions of increase productivity, increase quality, reduce costs, restructure to
suit with the change in consumer demand (reduced rate of food consumption, increase
vegetables and fruit, increased consumption of agricultural products from industrial crops,
increasing growing crops/plants for animal feed/biofuel/materials for industry and
handicrafts, medicine etc.); maintain proper scale of food production, ensuring food security
for future population. Focus in development of tropical crops that Vietnam has the
advantage and demand of future world market (rice, coffee, rubber, cashew, tea, vegetables
and tropical fruits); reducing the area of crops that have less advantageous, accept the
import products with reasonable size for processing and domestic consumption (cotton,
tobacco, tropical fruits and vegetables, soy).
• Development of livestock based on the advantages of each ecological region to meet
demand of domestic market focus toward industrial production, ensure food safety, disease
prevention and environmental protection. Promote growth of livestock sector of about 6‐7%
in the period 2011 to 2015 and about 5‐6% in the period 2016 to 2020 to meet domestic
demand to increase income levels (increase red meat, poultry meat, eggs, milk, specialty
products) production development towards intensive industrial scale, increasing production
efficiency, reduce costs of animal feed, prevent disease for cattle, poultry; safety and animal
quarantine. Focus on developing the commodities that has the advantage in each locality.
Clearly define the optimal scale of self‐sufficiency and import the proper level of products
that foreign countries have an advantage over (milk, beef, and chicken, tropical livestock
products) to focus investment and processing industry development.
• Creating breakthrough development, increasing the proportion of the fisheries sector. Focus
on developing aquaculture, especially brackish water aquaculture and then fresh water,
expanding marine aquaculture in the direction of intensive investment to increase
productivity and efficiency, ensure safety and maintain the balance of ecological
environment. Shift to the off‐shore sea fishing towards sustainable fis