Đề tài Extension and Farmer Adoption

1 Milestone 8: Extension and Farmer Adoption Deliverables: • Training materials for extension worker training • Assessment of impact and appropriateness of training for extension workers and growers and survey of 2005 trainees to determine use of training material and uptake by growers • Quality specifications for at least 3 crops developed with assistance from Marketing Companies Training materials for extension work In addition to the training materials produced for the workshops in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Dalat and Can Tho (previously supplied), several factsheers for extension officers have been developed by the team: • Greenhouse tomato production • Greenhouse cucumber production • An economic analysis of greenhouse tomato and cucumber production • An introduction to hydroponic systems • what protected cropping systems have been trialled in Vietnam • what are the current recommendations • ideas on how to develop systems that are economically viable • retaining quality from farm to market This publication will provide a resource that can be updated as technology and systems continue to change in Vietnamese horticultural production systems (It is hoped that any remaining project funding can be used to publish this). In addition to this IAS has conducted a series of Farmer Field Schools (and developed materials for) looking at the safe production of vegetables (Appendix 2). Assessment of impact and appropriateness of training Participant surveys were undertaken for the Can Tho and Dalat workshops (Dalat survey workshop results attached as not previously supplied in earlier milestone – Appendix 3). To evaluate the effectiveness and impact of farmer and extension training activities several case studies were also undertaken. Some have been reported in a previous milestone (5) where we reported on how: 1. Research and extension personnel had developed low tech hydroponic systems and utilised these systems in their research activities. They are also called apon to give advice to companies such as Hanoi Seed Company who are looking to improve their hydroponic and greenhouse systems. 2. Mr Nguyen Hong Phong, Vegetable farmer and seedling producer, Lam Dong province, has applied what he has learnt from project activities including: • In-country training • Australian study tour • On-going advice provided by project staff In this milestone Dr Vinh (IAS) provides a further update (Appendix 3) on changes that Mr Phong has made since our previous milestone (also included). We can now see that not only has Mr Phong made changes to his production methods but he is now looking at implementing changes to his postharvest handling and marketing methods. 2 Mr Pham Van Dung (IAS) also interviewed 3 further farmers in Lam Dong province to find how the training in 2006 had impacted their production practices. Nguyen Van La (Phu Thinh - Kim Dong), Nguyen Van Khoi (Tan Tien – An Duong) and Nguyen Van Chuyen (Quy Nhat – Nghia Hang) were interviewed in August 2008 to determine what they had applied form the training courses in 2006. They were asked about how the project had helped them produce cucumbers or tomatoes and in particular what knowledge they had gained. Their responses were that they had learnt about: -safe vegetable production -using plastic mulch -how to graft tomatoes -what varieties have pest and disease resistance and how this can improve yield and reduce pesticide usage -how to apply IPM -postharvest management of their crop They were also asked what technologies they had applied. The most common changes that had taken place were: -using plastic mulch -using improved varieties They had also reduced their pesticide usage. Previously some growers had been spraying 15-20 times/crop but they had reduced this to 3-5 times/crop. When asked why they had made these changes, the growers responded that: -improved their return -reduced pesticide usage -improved yield and quality Ideally we would have undertaken a more extensive survey of the 2006 training participants, but as no baseline data was collected, the results would be hard to interpret. Also in the 2006 workshops, the number of farmers participating was relatively small, but this was rectified with the 2007 program. Quality Specifications As greenhouse producers are aiming for the top-end of the market, the best specifications for them to utilise are those developed by the supermarkets. As part of this project we held a series of discussions with Metro to discuss quality specifications, quality assurance and how Metro goes about engaging farmers. At our workshop in Can Tho, a number of the farmers asked specific questions of the Metro Can Tho management in how they might look to become a Metro supplier. Attached in Appendix 4 are 3 vegetable specifications. Discussions with the Metro Supply Chain Manager in Ho Chi Minh revealed that Metro often has difficulty meeting these specifications. They were actively seeking engagement with farmer groups through projects such as ours, as a way of trying to source product that was produced to their specifications. Whilst in the case of our project we had completed our training activities there is certainly the potential for other AusAID CARD projects to follow up on this. Metro was very keen to work in with projects that were providing farmer groups training in improved crop management and postharvest handling. This link would be worth pursuing for future CARD projects. 3 Appendix 1 – Fact Sheets 4 GROWING TOMATOES IN A GREENHOUSE 5 This is a technique that summarises the results of a research sub-project titled “Research on ability of groing tomatoes under polyethylene house in Lamdong“ implemented by IAS in co-operation with Gosford vegetables & flowers research Institute, Australia (Project 004/04 VIE). It is a new technique, high effect. The technical will be required material facilities: 1. The polyethylene house: The house frame are made of steel, rafter are bamboo, roof is made of polyethylene, gutter are made of corrugated iron; arris is 4m in height, the top of the house is 5.7m in height, the roof of the house are alternate and 0.7m in height. The house surrounded by polyethylene 0.5m in height from ground, 0.5m to 2.7m in height by net with mesh 2mm, from 2.7m to 4m in height by polyethylene. The columns of house are made of steel which fixed stakes in the ground 0.5m in deep and pour concrete 0.3m in height with 10cm in diameter. Between the stakes 7m in distance, block house 3m in long. 2. Trellising sytem (ø = 3mm) have designed inside the house 2m in height from ground and parallel; two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the tomatoes bed on the ground. 3. Irrigation system: 1 tank 2000 liter, 1 filter and drip irrigation with output about 1.5-1.7 L/ hour/hole. - The tank of water 3m in height and set up with filter, drip irrigation. - On the bed set up two lines 0.4m in distance . 4. Muching plastic on the bed before transplanting and make holes to grow. PROCEDURE OF TOMATOES GROWING TECHNIQUE 1. Seed Tomato varieties with promising characteristics such as good growing ability, high productivity good quality, pest tolerance were chosen. Curently, tomato varieties grown commonly in Lamdong province are Red diamond which yield up to 60-70 tons/ha, Anna 6 with 70-80 tons/ha. Beside these two varieties, Clarance and Labell, imported from Australia, can be reached high potencial productivity about 300-400 tons per ha. 2. Crop Because of growing in polyethylene house, tomatoes can be cultivated around the year. 3. Nursary a/ Prepration of media grow seedlings: Media include: peat (70%), cow dung (25-29%), coconut coin, lime, NPK fertilizer, Trichoderma fungi (about 1-5%). These ingredients were mixed well and in cubated 3- 6 months, then they were ground and put into holes of trays with moisture enough for good germination of seeds. b/ Sowing: Seeds were sown into holes by hand or special machine (one seed into one hole), then seeds were covered with a thin layer of media. Trays containing seeds were aranged into a block, then they were covered with canvas to stimulate germination. After 3 to 5 days, the seeds were germinated totally and trays were arangred on nursary to taking care them. Seedlings were irrgated 1-2 times per day, depending upon the moisture of the media. After 25-27 days of sowing, seedlings have 4-6 leaves, and then they were grafted with the rootstock of bacterial wilt resistant tomato. 10- 12 days after grafting, seedlings can be grown in the polyethylene house. The seedlings which grow in the polyethylen house are healthy plants 4. Transplanting and taking care a/ Prepare land, fertilizer - Tomato usually like pH 5,5-7,5 (suitable of pH 6,0-6,5). If the land is acid soil then could add more lime before cultivated. - The land were plough and clean weeds; made bed 1,2m in wide, 15-20cm in heigh, 25- 30cm in gutter. - Fertilizer: Amount of fertilizer for 1 ha grow tomatoes (to get yield about 150tons/ha) - Cow dung: 40-50 tons - Urea (46%N): 900-950kg - Supper phosphate (16% P2O5): 850-900kg - Potassium sulphate (62% K2O): 800-820kg Put down basic fertilizer all cow dung, supper phosphate and ¼ potassium sulphate on the bed side 10-15cm in deep and mixed. Amount of other fertilizer will be use for irrigation in next periods. b/ Transplanting and taking care Transplants per ha will from 23.000 (40cm x 60cm) Trellising sytem for tomatoes 7 - Trellis is a steel 20cm length that have 2 hooks. Nylon strings were rewinded into the trellis with the 8m length. - The nylon strings were replaced stake that to be hung with two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the tomatoes bed on the ground. - The nylon string were rewinded the main stem of tomatoes. When the stem of tomatoes reached to 2m in heigh, 20cm of nylon string are took down by rotation of the hooks to make tomato plant fall down a little. Taking down every 4-5 days . c/ Take care - Tomatoes were drop irrigated 1-2 times per day depend on moisture of ground (with suitable about 70-80% for tomatoes to growing well). - To prune branch and fruit: 10 days after grown were pruned, only one main stem per plant and 4-5 fruits per cluster are kept. - Add water by coolnet to keep humidity in polyethylene house: The water were added the same as spray when plant growing at flower have fruirt set (suitable about 50- 55% of humidity). - Fertigation + 15 days after transplanting applied additional fertilizer by fertigation: 1time per week, 15 minutes per time. 3kg urea and 2kg postassium sulphate were soaked and filtered that diluted with concentrate about 0,5% for fertigation. + 35 days after transplanting will have increase number of time for fertigation: 5 days per time, 15 minutes per time. 5. Plant protection a/The main of insect and diesease In nursary: Concerning to damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia) and to used pesticide with ½ concentrate of recommended on label of the product. Leaf miner (Liriomyza tripholia): controlled by Ofunack, Trigard, Netoxin… Damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia): controlled by Benlat C, Rovral, Ridomil, TopsinM In Polyethylene house Insects: little to occur: Leaf miner (Agromyza): controlled by Vectimec, Trigard, Polytrin…. Thrip (Thrips spp.): controlled by Supracide, Polytrin, Actara, Oshin… Aphids, white fly (Bemisia sp): controlled by Regent, Confidor, Actara, Mosfilan, Oshin… Diseases: There are some disease pests of tomato including bacteria, fungi, and viruses TYLCV: controlled by Confidor, Mosfilan, Actara, Oshin…. Early and late blights (Alternaria solani and Phytophtora infestans respectively) have similar problems as with potato. Both are controlled with fungicides. Rhizoctonia solani spp: controlled by Anvil, Validacin, Tilt, Monceren Notice: should be change the pesticide to useful and high effect. Bacterial wilt: controlled by using grafted seedling 8 b/ IPM * Cutural: Colection, remnants were destroyed after havest. Plough, applied additional lime (600-650kg/ha). Crop rotation were best menthod by lettuce, leaf vegetables,... * Biological: Should be used biology pesticide such as Bt, V-Bt, Pheromone, Neem,.. Fungicide: Trichoderma, Validacin,... 6. Harvest: The fruirt apperance were redden colour that can be havest. Using scissor cut between peduncle of single fruirt or a cluster that arranged in plastic container. 9 GROWING CUCUMBER IN A GREENHOUSE This is technique summarises results of a research project entitled “Research on ability of groing cucumber under polyethylene house in Lamdong“ implemented by IAS in co- operation with Gosford vegetables & flowers research Institute, Australia (Project 004/04 VIE). It is a new technique, high effect. The technical will be required material facilities: 1. The polyethylen house: The house frame are made of steel, rafter are bamboo, roof is made of polyethylen, gutter are made of corrugated iron; arris is 4m in height, the top of the house is 5.7m in height, the roof of the house are alternate and 0.7m in height. The house surrounded by polyethylen 0.5m in height from ground, 0.5m to 2.7m in height by net with mesh 2mm, from 2.7m to 4m in height by polyethylen. The columns of house are made steel which fix stakes in the ground 0.5m in deep and pour concrete 0.3m in height with 10cm in diameter. Between the stakes 7m in distance, block house 3m in long. 2. Trellising sytem (ø = 3mm) have designed inside the house 2m in height from ground and parallel; two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the cucumber bed on the ground. 3. Irrigation system: 1 tank 2000 liter, 1 filter and drip irrigation with output about 1.5-2l/ hour/hole. - The tank of water 3m in height and set up with filter, drip irrigation. - On the bed set up two lines 0.4m in distance . 4. Muching plastic on the bed before transplanting and make holes to grow 10 PROCEDURE OF CUCUMBER GROWING TECHNIQUE 1. Seed Cucumber varieties with promising characteristics such as good growing ability, high productivity good quality, pest tolerance were chosen. Curently, cucumber varieties grown commonly in Lamdong province are TN 140 which yield up to 30-32tons/ha. Beside these two varieties, Status and Tohoku, which are varieties from Australia, can be reached high potencial productivity about 100 tons per ha. 2. Crop Because of growing in polyethylen house, cucumber can be cultivated around the year. 3. Nursery a/ Prepration of media grow seedlings: Media include: peat (70%), cow dung (25-29%), coconut coin, lime, NPK fertilizer, Trichoderma fungi (about 1-5%). These ingredients were mixed well and in cubated 3-6 months, then they were ground and put into holes of trays with moisture enough for good germination of seeds. b/ Sowing: Seeds were sowing into holes by hand or special machine (one seed into one hole), then seeds were covered with a thin layer of media. Trays containing seeds were aranged into a block, then they were covered with canvas to stimulate germination. After 3 to 5 days, the seeds were germinated totally and trays were arangred on nursary to taking care them. Seedlings were irrgated 1-2 times per day, depending upon the moisture of the media. After 10-15 days of sown, seedlings have 4-6 leaves, cucumber can be grown in the polyethylen house. The seedlings which grow in the polyethylen house are healthy plants 4. Transplanting and taking care a/ Prepare land, fertilizer - Cucumber usually like pH 5,5-6,8 (suitable of pH 6,0-6,5). If the land is acid soil then could add more lime before cultivated. - The land were plough and clean weeds; made bed 1,2m in wide, 15-20cm in heigh, 25- 30cm in gutter. Fertilizer: Amount of fertilizer for 1 ha growing cucumber (to get yield about 50tons/ha) - Cow dung: 35-40 tons - Urea (46%N): 300-350kg - Supper phosphate (16% P2O5): 350-400kg - Potassium sulphate (62% K2O): 250-300kg Put down basic fertilizer all cow dung, supper phosphate, 1/10 amount of urea and 1/5 amount of potassium sulphate on the bed side 10-15cm in deep and mixed. Amount of other fertilizer will be use for irrigation next period. b/ Transplanting and taking care Transplants per ha will have from 23.000 (40cm x 60cm) Trellising sytem for cucumber - Trellis is a steel 20cm length that have 2 hooks. Nylon strings were rewinded into the trellis with the 8m length. - The nylon were replaced stake that to be hung with two lines 0.5m in distance and the same as the cucumber bed on the ground. 11 - The nylon were rewinded the main stem of cucumber. When the stem of cucumber reached to 2m in heigh, 20cm of nylon string are took down by rotation of the hooks to make tomato plant fall down a little. Taking down every 3-4 days. c/ Take care - Cucumber were drop irrigated 1-2 times per day depend on humidity of ground (with suitable about >80% for cucumber to growing well). - To prune branch and fruirt: 10 days after grown were pruned only one main stem per plant and 2-3 fruirts per cluster. - Fertigation + 15 days after transplanting applied additional fertilizer by fertigation: 1time per week, 15 minutes per time. 3kg urea and 2kg postassium sulphate were soaked and filtered that diluted with concentrate about 0,5% for fertigation. + 35 days after transplanting will have increase number of time for fertigation: 5 days per time, 15 minutes per time. 5. Plant protection a/ The main of insect and diesease Nursary: Concerning to damping-off (Pythium or Rhizoctonia) and to used pesticide with ½ concentrate of recommended on label of the product. Both are controlled with Benlat C, Rovral, Ridomil, Topsin M Leaf miner (Liriomyza tripholia): controlled by Ofunack, Trigard, Netoxin… Polyethylene house Insects: little to occur: Aphids (Aphis cracivora Koch): controlled by Confidor, Actara, Thrip (Thrips spp.): controlled by Supracide, Polytrin, Actara, Oshin… Aphids, white fly (Bemisia sp): controlled by Regent, Confidor, Actara, Mosfilan, Oshin… Diseases: There are some disease pests of cucumber including bacteria, fungi, and many viruses Cucumber Mosaic Virus: The plant is stunted and foliage is mottled followed by occasional wilt and death of leaves. It is vectored by aphids and the cucumber beetle are controlled with Confidor, Mosfilan, Actara, Oshin…. Downy Mildew: (Pseudoperonospoa cubensis) is high in pickling cucumbers because they are planted at such high densities. Yellow and brown spots appear on the upper leaf surface, with a purplish mold on the underside. It is wind borne so it is practical to use resistant varieties. Notice: should be change the pesticide to usful and high effect b/ IPM * Cutural: Colection, remnants were destroyed after havest. Plough, applied additional lime (600-650kg/ha). Crop rotation were best menthod by lettuce, leaf vegetables,... * Biological: Should be used biology pesticide such as Bt, V-Bt, Pheromone, Neem,.. Fungicide: Trichoderma, Validacin,... 6. Harvest: The fruirt apperance were deep green colour that can be havest. Using scissor cut between peduncle of single fruirt or a cluster that arranged in plastic container and to transport for makets, supper makets. 12 ECONOMIC EFFECT OF GROWING TOMATO AND CUCUMBER ON GROUND AND ON MEDIA UNDER POLYETHYLEN HOUSE In collaboration with The Gosford Vegetables & Flowers research Institute, Australia, Vegetable Reaserch Department, Institu