The adult female fly feeds up to a week on
protein, e.g. on bacteria growing on plant
surfaces, and on sugars, e.g. in honeydew
and nectar, before laying eggs.
Eggs are white, banana-shaped and 1 mm
long. They are deposited in batches of 10-12 into the spongy albedo of the fruit. The
rind puncture is not visible at first, but
later a yellow area develops around
the‘sting’site.
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Fruit fly
(Bactrocera dorsalis)
2). Life cycle
The adult female fly feeds up to a week on
protein, e.g. on bacteria growing on plant
surfaces, and on sugars, e.g. in honeydew
and nectar, before laying eggs.
Eggs are white, banana-shaped and 1 mm
long. They are deposited in batches of 10-
12 into the spongy albedo of the fruit. The
rind puncture is not visible at first, but
later a yellow area develops around
the‘sting’site.
Fruit fly
(Bactrocera dorsalis)
2) Life cycle
Eggs hatch in 2-3 days and the larvae borrow
into the fruit pulp. The number of larvae per
fruit varies from one to 12 or more. Larvae
complete their development in about 10
days. They then drop to the ground to fined a
suitable place to pupate. Pupation occurs in
the soil and can take about 7- 9 days. Pupae
are brown, barrel-shaped and about 4-5 mm
long. They are over 6 generations per years.
Fruit fly
2) Life cycle
egg egg
Life cycle of fruit fly
Mealybug
(Pseudococcus sp.)
1). Shape
Mealybugs
(Pseudococcus sp.)
1). Shape and
damage
symptoms
Mealybugs
(Pseudococcus sp.)
1). Shape and damage symptoms
There are many species attack on citrus plant.
Although shape is different, habits and symptoms
are similar. The adult female mealybug is a slow-
moving, and covered by a thin coating of white,
mealy wax which extent into filaments around the
edge of the body.
Eggs hatching are small one and move flexility. If
larvae without pupae stage would be adults female
and vice versa.
Mealybugs
(Pseudococcus sp.)
1). Shape and damage symptoms
Adult males are tiny, delicate winged insect with
long tail filament.
Juveniles and adults seek out sheltered sites:
under the fruit calyx, inside the navel of fruit,
between touching fruit and leaves, in curled
leaves attacked by citrus leafminer and inside
cracks and crevices in bark.
Mealybug excrete sticky honeydew that is good
medium for the growth of sooty mould and other
fungi.
Mealybugs
(Pseudococcus sp.)
2). Life cycle “Citrophilous”
Citrophilous mealybug female lay about 500
eggs in a cottony egg sac, and hatch within a
few days. There are three moults in females
and four in male.
The complete life cycle takes about 2 months
and there are 3-4 generation per years.
Mealybugs
(Pseudococcus sp.)
2). Life cycle “Citrophilous”
Mites
Panonychus citri
1). Shape and damage symptoms
The group mites attack on citrus include 8
species. However, red mite occur and cause
damage popular almost citrus garden in
Mekong delta area.
The adult female red mite has oval body, and
is 0,5 mm long. The body is purple-red color
with long white bristle on the back and sides,
the pale legs. The adult male is smaller than
female and legs are longer than one.
Mites
1). Shape and damage symptoms
Citrus red mite feeds on citrus fruit, leaves (young and
old) and green twigs. The maturing leaf is preferred, and
most damage occurs on the upper surface, makes leaf
curved, spotted grey scarring of the rind.
Citrus rust mite
(Phyllocoptruta oleivora)
Mites
1). Rind damage on fruit caused by citrus red mite
Mites
2). Life cycle
The adult female citrus mite lays 20-40 eggs at rate of 2-3
per day. The egg is bright red and spherical, 0,13 mm
diameter. Eggs are commonly deposited along the midribs
of the leaves. Newly hatched larvae are red and have 6
legs. They develop through two further nymphal stages
with 8 legs before reaching adulthood. From egg to adult
can takes about 2-8 weeks depend on temperature and
humidity, the adult female live about 18 days. There are
8-10 generations per years.
Thrips (Thysanoptera)
1). Shape and damage symptoms
There are 5 species of thrips caused damage on
Citrus. Thrips are small with two short
antennae, and rapid moving when disturbed.
Adult thrips are about 3-4 mm; however, some
one grow to length of about 12 mm. Wings of
thrips are narrow with a fringe of long hairs on
the hind edge, and other are wingless.
Thrips
1). Shape and damage symptoms
Thrips have mouthparts adapted for sucking and
rasping. Flowers are often favoured feeding sites,
but thrips also feed on developing fruit and young
leaves. Heavy infestations of thrips cause twisting
and grey scarring of young foliage similar to the
damage cause by broad mites; ring scarring
around the stem end of a navel on fruit.
Thrips
1). Shape
(Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood)
(Megalurothrips kellyanus)
(Chaetanaphothrips orchidii)
(Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Thrips
1). Damage symptoms
Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood)
2). Life cycle
Thrips often laid into soft tissue on very young
fruit near the calyx, or in young leaves (near
the midrib or main vein), eggs are 0.3 mm long.
Adult female lay about 2-3 eggs a day.
Larvae develop through two stages to become a
propupa. They complete life cycle takes about 5
weeks. Thrips adult can live 3 months. There
are about 6 generations per year
They can attack many other fruit, beside
citrus.
Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood)
2). Life cycle
propupa
Fruitpiercing moths
(Rhytia hypernestra)
Shape and damage symptoms
Fruitpiercing moths
(Rhytia hypernestra)
Belong to Noctuidae, the adult moths fly
to orchards during the night to suck juice
from ripening fruit, and they rest outside
the orchards by night. Adult fruitpiercing
moths are large and stout-bodied with a
wingspan of 100 mm. There are many
species in the Mekong Delta, But the
yellow-orange, with black patches or spots
are popular. Larval hosts include native
vines
Fruitpiercing moths
(Othreis fullonia (Clerck)
The larvae feed on native vines for
about 3 weeks, through 5 stages before
forming a dark-brown pupa within a
delicate silk cocoon between webbeb
leaves. After 3 weeks, adults emerge
from the pupa. Beside citrus the moths
can attack many other fruit tree. There
are about 2-4 generations per year.
Psyllids (Diaphorina citri)
1). Shape and biological characteristic
* Eggs are very small with slight yellow,
pear shaped. They usually laid on young
leaves and buds
* Psyllids larvae are small, oval shaped, new
hatching with yellow (second and third
instar) and yellow-brown (fourth and five
instar), with 2 small wings
Psyllids (Diaphorina citri)
1). Shape and biological characteristic
Adult: 2.5- 3 mm long; brown dark body, wings
have light brown color. Head is acute and
brown color, red eyes.
When they are on the leaf, the body of
the psyllid will post the angle about 40 0.
Adult Psyllids are 2,5-3 mm long Eggs
Psyllids (Diaphorina citri)
Larvae Adult
2. Morphology and Life cycle
After mating, the Female start laying eggs in the tissue of
buds, or young shoots which are not yet open. A female
can lay more than 200 eggs.
Eggs are yellow, oval shape 0.3 mm long. egg period 2-11
days.
After hatching, young nymph can move for some
distance, and the color of body is yellow or green. The
nymph has 5 instars to become adult which take 12-22
days.
Adult can live 15 –45 days
The life cycle of psyllid is about 30-75 days; Average
about 40 days.
There are about 12-14 generations per year.