This project aims to develop the larval rearing and nursery capacityof marine finfish
production in Vietnam through the use of accessible, cost effective and
environmentally sustainable technologies. Through the development and use of in
pond floating raceways (FR) this project willassist farmers to develop their own
intensive but durable and manageable larvalrearing capacity. This capacity will be
used to improve fingerling supply to the industry which is currently both costly and
limited. In addition, advanced nursery capacity willalso be developed using the same
principles. Grow out of finfish in raceways tomarket size will also be investigated in
this project in conjunction with Australian researchers. Researchers from the
Queensland DPI&F will provide expertise in systems management, water quality
management and waste remediation. Species proposed for study include grouper,
cobia and barramundi. All activities will be conducted using ‘zero discharge’
principles where there is no net discharge of effluent. Information from these
activities will be used to train staff from the UoF, its students, industry and other
relevant stakeholders. Active involvement and contribution of different stakeholders
will make this research highly relevant and applicable to the local aquaculture
industries.
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Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
CARD Project Progress Report
062/04VIE: Intensive in-pond raceway production
of marine finfish
MS6: SECOND SIX-MONTHLY REPORT
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1. Institute Information
Project Name Intensive in-pond raceway production
of marine finfish
Vietnamese Institution Nha Trang University (the former
University of Fisheries)
Vietnamese Project Team Leader Dr. Hoang Tung
Australian Organisation Queensland Department of Primary
Industries & Fisheries
Australian Personnel Mr Michael Burke
Date commenced 15 April 2005
(01 August 2005 in Vietnam)
Completion date (original) 15 April 2007
Completion date (revised) 15 September 2007
Reporting period 12-month Report
Contact Officer(s)
In Australia: Team Leader
Name: Mr Michael Burke Telephone: +61 7 34002051
Position: Biologist Fax: +61 7 34083535
Organisation DPI&F Email: Michael.burke@dpi.qld.gov.au
In Australia: Administrative contact
Name: Michelle Robbins Telephone: +61 7 3346 2711
Position: Senior Planning
Officer, R&D
Coordination
Fax: +61 7 3346 2727
Organisation DPI&F Email: Michelle.robbins@dpi.qld.gov.au
In Vietnam
Name: Dr. Hoang Tung Telephone: +84.914 166 145
Position: Director, International Centre
for Research and Training
Fax: +84.58.831145
Organisation Nha Trang University Email: htunguof@gmail.com
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2. Project Abstract
This project aims to develop the larval rearing and nursery capacity of marine finfish
production in Vietnam through the use of accessible, cost effective and
environmentally sustainable technologies. Through the development and use of in
pond floating raceways (FR) this project will assist farmers to develop their own
intensive but durable and manageable larval rearing capacity. This capacity will be
used to improve fingerling supply to the industry which is currently both costly and
limited. In addition, advanced nursery capacity will also be developed using the same
principles. Grow out of finfish in raceways to market size will also be investigated in
this project in conjunction with Australian researchers. Researchers from the
Queensland DPI&F will provide expertise in systems management, water quality
management and waste remediation. Species proposed for study include grouper,
cobia and barramundi. All activities will be conducted using ‘zero discharge’
principles where there is no net discharge of effluent. Information from these
activities will be used to train staff from the UoF, its students, industry and other
relevant stakeholders. Active involvement and contribution of different stakeholders
will make this research highly relevant and applicable to the local aquaculture
industries.
3. Executive Summary
In Australia, grow-out production trials have continued for both sand whiting (Sillago
ciliata) and mulloway (Argyrosomus hololepidotus) with a view to testing market
potential and acceptance before the need to dedicate raceway capacity and resources
for further nursery trials this spring. Currently both species are being grown at
densities greater than 100 kg/m3 without any perceived health, growth or water quality
issues. Handling of sand whiting for growth checks at pond temperatures below 20oC
was problematic due to secondary bacterial infections and low level mortality
probably due, but not confirmed, to Flexibacter columnaris infection. Water quality
remains good but with a current high exchange rate/pond/day which we will look to
minimise or stop with future focus on remediating technologies for aquaculture
wastes. Modification to the raceways to include a waste sump will go part of the way
towards this goal. There has been a number of commercial entities expressing interest
to develop and trial the in-pond floating raceway systems as a potential grow-out
production unit that can be deployed into existing water bodies without expensive
construction or site works. Uptake of this technology will depend on the outcomes of
an economic analysis to determine cost of production. An extended abstract has been
prepared for the World Aquaculture Society’s 2007 Conference in Texas, U.S.
Negotiations are continuing with commercial operators, Good Fortune Bay, to include
cobia (Rachycentron canadum) trials next year and the Northern Fisheries Centre to
include estuary cod (Epinephelus coioides).
In Vietnam, preparatory works including the establishment and testing of the
experimental system were completed in February 2006, allowing the implementation
continuous nursing trials. Species used for trials included barramundi (Lates
calcarifer), snapper (Lutjanus argentimacus) and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Fish
grew fast at high density (up to 3,000 fingerlings per m3). Survival was much higher
in floating raceways compared with nursing in earthen ponds. Water quality, plankton
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growth, disease occurrence and electricity consumption have been monitored
frequently. Electricity consumption was lower than estimated earlier. Profit margin
was good (higher than 50%) ensuring the application of this developing technology
for commercial production. The research team received financial offers by the
Department of Fisheries of Phu Yen Province and Binh Dinh Province to expand
research efforts to the production of eels in freshwater reservoirs. The research team
are collaborating with other technical staff of the university to revise the design and
scale of the raceways for these possible trials. An extended abstract highlighting the
project outcomes has been submitted to World Aquaculture Society’s 2007
Conference in Texas, US for presentation. An Introductory Workshop was organized
for more than 60 representative farmers and local extension officers in February 2006
with contribution of expertise of QDPI&F. Training on water quality was also
conducted for project staff and other interested staff/students of the university.
However, a crash of the whole system in early July 2006 (due to inappropriate
intervention of one of the technicians: using chemicals to treat algal bloom without
consulting the Project Leader), which killed 70,000 fish in raceways, and the
occurrence of diseases in one on-going trial remind there are lots to do for the
improvement of the system’s management.
4. Introduction & Background
Aquaculture plays an important role in the development of Vietnam’s economy and
has been widely considered as an effective means for poverty alleviation by the FAO.
The country aims to produce 2 million tons of aquaculture products, mainly with
marine species, by 2010. This ambitious target is unlikely to be achievable unless
cost-effective methods of nursing are developed to produce large number of large
fingerlings for stocking in sea cages and coastal ponds. As tank production of large
fingerlings is highly costly, other option such as nursing in earthen ponds, hapas nets
and floating raceways should be considered. In this regard, the floating raceway
technology has a number of unique advantages over all the other systems, including
effective management, high productivity and high level of biosecurity.
In Queensland marine fish farming in sea cages is considered as damaging to coral
reefs and other sensitive aquatic habitats. New sustainable yet profitable land based
production methods are thus in need for development. Tank based marine
recirculation facilities are cost prohibitive and would fail to take advantage of
Queensland’s favourable climate and existing pond aquaculture infrastructure. The
combination of floating raceways and bioremediation would eventually result in “low-
discharge” or even “zero-discharge” system for coastal aquaculture.
This CARD project combines the innovative design of floating raceways (FRs) with
the concept of bioremediation. FRs, either made of plastic or cheap materials, have
been trialled successfully in Japan, Australia and US. Through this project, different
local materials have been used to design and built raceways, at both commercial and
experimental scales for trials. Target species include high-value indigenous fish such
as barramundi, whiting, snapper, cobia, Murray cods, etc. The project also emphasizes
on improving capacity of the Vietnamese institutions through study tour, training
courses and research internship. Information from the project once available is
immediately disseminated to local farmers and the industry through extension
workshop. The system is designed in a form that allows it to be used by farmers with
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no major change of their existing ponds. This project is expected to help boosting
production of marine fish fingerlings and better use the existing shrimp ponds, many
of which are abandoned in coastal areas. These fit nicely into the CARD’s framework
and aims, i.e. promoting productive technology addressing social, environmental and
human resource development issues.
5. Progress to Date
5.1 Implementation Highlights
In Australia:
• Successful nursery trial with barramundi larvae conducted with MSc student
(Mr. Ngo Van Manh) from UoF.
• Two current production trials exceeding 100 kg/m3 giving indication that
this level of biomass is capable of being sustained in the longer term.
• Good market assessment of trial shipments of mulloway and sand whiting to
A.Raptis & Sons and local seafood supplier.
• Agreement with commercial hatchery to supply fertilised eggs or fry free of
charge for nursery and grow-out trials once we successfully secure and
domesticate cobia broodstock.
• Negotiation to trial estuary cod (Epinephelus coioides) produced from the
Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns, Australia.
• Invited presentation (Oct 2006) to Queensland Fisheries Service staff for
further dissemination of project information through their extensive
extension network.
• One successful commercial operator producing Murray Cod (Maccullochella
peelii peelii) utilising raceway technology.
• Automatic feeders designed and deployed successfully with ability to
‘interrogate’ and graph feeding times, duration and volumes.
• Simple and effective diffusion systems used in raceways to maintain
dissolved oxygen levels whilst only utilising air supplied to airlift chamber.
In Vietnam:
• Introductory Workshop organized in late February 2006 for more than 60
local farmers and extension officers to learn about floating raceway
technology and examine the experimental system.
• A training workshop on water quality management and analysis, sampling of
plankton and sick fish was conducted for project staff and other interested
staff/students of the university and Khanh Hoa’s Fisheries Promotion
Centre.
• Five continuous trials had been conducted from February to August 2006:
one on red tilapia to test the experimental system, three on barramundi (one
yielded great success, one crashed due to technical problem and one being
implemented), one on snapper (had very promising results after one week
but also crashed at the same time with the barramundi trial due to technical
problem).
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• One experiment on growth performance of barramundi fed different
commercial pellets is being implemented to provide further understanding of
the target species in relation with the use of raceways for nursing.
• The project has trained three undergraduate students with their final year
research and one MSc student with his thesis research.
• Consultancy was provided to Phu Yen Province for planning to apply
floating raceways in eel production. Activities will be carried out in early
2007 if funding is approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology of
Vietnam in late 2006.
• The design of the nursing system is being revised for a larger scale and
higher level of sophistication including locally-made automatic feeder and
waste traps.
5.2 Smallholder Benefits
In Australia:
• Consultation with Australian industry partners has resulted in supply of eggs
for research trials from collaborative farms and other government agencies.
Plans are being discussed with these farms to also fabricate raceways for use
in their nursery facilities.
• The nursery application and grow out of marine finfish at high densities in
raceways has been demonstrated to several industry, university and training
organisations on a steady but ad hoc basis.
• An industry awareness program to promote and discuss options for finfish
production in coastal prawn ponds has been proposed for late 2006 and
discussion are underway with a large prawn farmer to look at diversification
options and utilisation of raceways as production units in existing prawn
ponds.
• Local seafood markets have been engaged to determine both quality of
product and consumer demand for raceway produced seafood.
In Vietnam:
• More than 60 local farmers and extension officers received
instruction/advices for the application of floating raceways into aquaculture
production through an workshop organized by the project at Khanh Hoa
Fisheries Extension Centre (KFEC). Many of them have occasionally visited
the demonstration site of the project to learn about up-to-date results or
asked for large fingerlings for stocking at their own farms. Barramundi
fingerlings were distributed to 10 local farms in Khanh Hoa Province for
grow-out trial in earthen ponds.
• Pellets provided by Grobest (a feed company) were also used in the trials,
strengthen the linkage with the industry.
• The Vietnamese Project Leader has discussed with Department of Fisheries
of Phu Yen Province and Binh Dinh Province about possible assistance (by
the project) to conduct large-scale trials on eel production in reservoirs using
floating raceways in these provinces.
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• The Project are working with staff of the Research Institute for Fishing
Vessels – Nha Trang University and technical staff to re-design the
raceways.
5.3 Capacity Building
In Australia:
• Additional staff members from the BIARC have been trained in the
construction and function of floating raceways. These include Luke Dutney
and Stephen Nicholson. The collection of cobia broodstock plans to re-
commence in late 2006. This broodstock will represent the first captive
cobia assembled for aquaculture research in Australia.
• The University of Queensland provides 3rd year science students for
‘Industry Placement’ and to date 4 have been trained in raceway
maintenance and water quality.
• Departmental staff has recently attended a Fish Health Workshop for
simple, fast diagnosis and treatment of possible disease outbreaks in
raceways.
• Negotiations with Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns to trial estuary cod
(Epinephelus coioides) in floating raceways. This may lead to potential
diversification options for Australian prawn farmers.
In Vietnam
• Staff of Nha Trang University and Khanh Hoa Fisheries Promotion Centre
are involved in project activities, thus improving skills and knowledge of
marine fish nursing and pond management.
• Plans are being made for the second MSc student (staff of Nha Trang
University) to participate in research in Australia and/or attend courses at
Australian universities.
• Training workshop on water quality management and analysis, sampling of
plankton and sick fish were conducted for 6 project staff, 2 technicians of
KFEC, 17 young staff of the university and other students.
• The project has trained three undergraduate students with their final year
research (namely Nguyen Van Ngoc, Tran Manh Quyen, Ho Thi Ngoc
Huong) and one MSc student with his thesis research (Mr. Luu The
Phuong).
5.4 Publicity
In Australia:
• Invited presentation (Oct 2006) to Queensland Fisheries Service state-wide
staff for further dissemination of project information through their extensive
extension network.
• Extended abstract titled “In-pond floating raceways – a cost effective
alternative for intensive finfish production in Queensland” by Michael
Burke, Adrian Collins, Ben Russell, Blair Chilton, Tung Hoang and Mao D.
Nguyen was submitted to WAS 2007 Conference in Texas, USA.
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• Presentation at WAS 2006 Conference in Adelaide, Australia regarding
suitability and adaptability of in-pond floating raceways to existing irrigation
water storages in cotton growing areas in Australia.
• Numerous site tours by international delegations, Universities, local interest
groups, aquaculture operators and researchers.
In Vietnam:
• Information about the project has been prepared by the research team. These
information is, however, only available in October 2006 when the new
website of Nha Trang University is launched.
• One extended abstract titled “Nursing marine fish in coastal pond using
floating raceways” by Tung Hoang, Mao Nguyen, Adrian Collins and
Michael Burke was submitted to WAS 2007 Conference in US.
• An article about project achievements is soon submitted to CARD Office in
Hanoi for consideration to publish in CARD Bulletin.
• The Vietnamese Project Leader introduced floating raceway technology to
the Department of Science and Technology of Phu Yen Province in late
August 2006. This was briefly documented by Phu Yen TV.
• Two manuscripts (in Vietnamese) about the project results are being
prepared for publication in national scientific journals.
5.5 Project Management
• The Project Leader is now Mr. Michael Burke at Bribie Island Aquaculture
Research Centre, QDPI&F, Australia. Mr. Burke has taken over this role
since January 2006 and effectively cooperates with the research team in
Vietnam.
• Technical staff changes after resignation of Ben Russell. Has been replaced
by Scott Shanks who was the manager of a commercial redclaw farm and
has previous research experience at the DPI&F’s Walkamin Freshwater
Research Centre and at Bauple (Inland Prawn Farm).
• The first six-month report was submitted to CARD and approval was
granted consequently.
• The Vietnamese Component had host a visit by CARD Office in Hanoi in
mid 2006. The delegation had discussed with the research team, examined
the experimental systems, and granted positive comments about project
activities.
• Routines for information exchange have been practised between the
Australian and Vietnamese project leaders.
• The second request for funding transfer has been placed and was handled
effectively by QDPI&F.
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6. Report on Cross-Cutting Issues
6.1 Environment
For research activities in Vietnam environmental concern is not an issue as the system
is designed with minimum water exchange with the surrounding environment. In fact,
the pond water has been used for seven months already with no exchange. Apart from
the only incident encountered in early July (due to wrong practice of one project
technician), water quality in the reservoir pond has been adequately good for the fish
in the floating raceways. In the second year of the project, detailed studies on nutrient
budget of the system will view more information and confirm the possibility to
develop a “zero-discharge” system that not only remedy possible environmental
impacts but also improve its biosecurity.
Research activities in Australia will focus on potential minimal or zero discharge
system utilising departmental expertise from the Intensive Livestock and Profitable
Aquaculture Systems groups. Nutrient budgets and solid waste collection sumps will
be examined and trialled. DPI&F has a fully equipped nutrient analysis laboratory
and qualified staff who maintain and document the laboratory’s Quality Assurance
program to ensure an accurate, efficient analysis system. The Nutrient analysis
laboratory can provide a comprehensi