Đề tài Developing an Agricultural Research and Development Priority Framework for Vietnam Crops Sub-Sector Workshop

Developing an Agricultural Research and Development Priority Framework for Vietnam Crops Sub-Sector Workshop Data and Information Sheets: Areas of Research & Development Opportunity (ARDOs) ARDO 1: Rice ARDO 2: Upland Crops ARDO 3: Food Legumes ARDO 4: Industrial Crops ARDO 5: Fruit ARDO 6: Vegetables ARDO 7: Flowers ARDO 8: Animal Feeds ARDO 9: Crops for New Uses October 2006 Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 1 ARDO 1: RICE 1. ARDO DEFINITION 1.1 National Goal Increase yield, and quality of rice to ensure national food security, competitiveness in export markets, reduce the cost of production and maintain exports at 4-5 millions ton/year. 1.2 R&D Scope Research into genetic improvement and development of agronomic techniques (GAP, ICM, IPM) improving quality standards and food safety and further develop harvest and post-harvest management including storage and processing and development new and improved products to meet identified market needs. 1.3 Coverage:  Improved varieties  F1 hybrid varieties  Locally purified varieties  Varieties with high yield good quality and possess aromatic character (Aroma varieties).  For all varieties high yield, good grain quality (to meet exporting markets), suitable for different ecological environments (intensive cultivation areas, adverse condition areas such as salinity soils, acid-sulphate soils, floating areas, rain fed lowland as well rain fed upland conditions etc.) through out country.  These varieties should be divided in to 4 mainly groups base on growth duration. 1. Very early maturity (< 90 days from seed to seed); 2. Early maturity (90-100 days); 3. Medium maturity (>100 - 125 days); 4. Late maturity and/or Mua group (for most photosensitive varieties, growth duration relates to day length). Production zone High priority Medium priority Low priority Northern of country and highland zones Very early, Early maturity: - Improved varieties - F1 hybrid varieties Locally uniform varieties Locally uniform varieties Red rive delta (RD) Very early, Early maturity: - Improved varieties - F1 hybrid varieties - Aromatic varieties Medium maturity: - Locally uniform varieties - Aromatic varieties Late maturity: - Aromatic varieties Central zones Very early, Early maturity: - Improved varieties - F1 hybrid varieties - Aromatic varieties Medium maturity: - Aromatic varieties Late maturity: Locally uniform varieties Central plateau Very early maturity: - Improved varieties - F1 hybrid varieties Medium maturity: - Aromatic varieties - Local uniform varieties Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 2 Mekong Delta (MD) Very early, Early maturity: - Improved varieties - Aromatic varieties - F1 hybrid variety -Uniform varieties Medium maturity: - F1 hybrid variety - Improved varieties - Aromatic varieties - Locally uniform variety Late maturity: - Locally uniform varieties - Aromatic varieties 2. INDUSTRY STATISTICS 2.1 Introduction Rice production in Vietnam started more than 4,000 years ago. The skill and knowledge of producers has grown over time in keeping with neighbouring countries including China, Thailand and Indonesia... Rice is very important food crop. It provides about 20% energy requirement for the world, 60-70% for Asia people and 35 - 59% for more than 3 billion people (FAO,1984), particularly in Asia countries including Vietnam. Rice crop can develop and tolerate many disadvantageous environmental conditions (long time flooding soil, salt and acid soil) which many other crops cannot. For this reason rice is sometimes called a “volunteer plant” and in the tropical monsoon reason is one of the few annual crops that can be successfully grown. Rice is a core component of food security in many Asian countries including Vietnam, and has been grown repeatedly in the same areas for thousands of years. Diversification into more profitable crops has only been achieved once household and national food security needs have been met. Rice plays important role the daily nutrient and health requirements of many rice eating nations. New varieties, high in protein, ‘golden rice” with pro-vitamin A are now becoming available for further improvement in human nutrition. 2.2 Industry Characteristics and Prospects Area and Productivity According to statistical data (Agriculture Development - GSO), in 2005, Viet-Nam had 7326,400 ha of rice divided into 3 groups  Winter-Spring (W-Sp, from November to April the next year) rice crop season 2942,000ha;  Summer-Autumn (S-Aut, From April to October) rice crop season: 2348,600 ha  Mua (from July to December in the North and from August to February the next year in the South) rice crop season 2035,800 ha (table No.1). Table 1. Area and Production of Rice in (1990-2005) Year Area Production Total Of which Total Of which Spring paddy Autumn paddy Winter paddy Spring paddy Autumn paddy Winter paddy Thousand Hectares Thousand Tonnes 1990 6006,8 2037,6 1215,7 2753,5 19225,1 7865,6 4090,5 7269,0 1995 6765,6 2421,3 1742,4 2601,9 24963,7 10736,6 6500,8 7726,3 2000 7666,3 3013,2 2292,8 2360,3 32529,5 15571,2 8625,0 8333,3 2001 7492,7 3056,9 2210,8 2225,0 32108,4 15474,4 8328,4 8305,6 Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 3 2002 7504,3 3033,0 2293,7 2177,6 34447,2 16719,6 9188,7 8538,9 2003 7452,2 3022,9 2320,0 2109,3 34568,8 16822,7 9400,8 8354,3 2004 7445,3 2978,5 2366,2 2100,6 36148,9 17078,0 10430,9 8640,0 2005 7326,4 2942,0 2348,6 2035,8 35790,8 17331,7 10415,1 8044,0 Index (Previous year = 100)-% 1990 102,2 104,1 106,6 99,1 101,2 104,3 100,7 98,3 1995 102,5 101,7 109,9 98,9 106,1 102,2 114,5 105,3 2000 100,2 104,3 97,9 97,4 103,6 110,4 98,5 97,7 2001 97,7 101,5 96,4 94,3 98,7 99,4 96,6 99,7 2002 100,2 99,2 103,7 97,9 107,3 108,0 110,3 102,8 2003 99,3 99,7 101,1 96,9 100,4 100,6 102,3 97,7 2004 99,9 98,5 102,2 99,2 103,8 101,5 109,6 101,7 2005 98,4 98,8 99,3 96,9 99,0 101,5 99,8 93,1 Rice production in Vietnam is characterized by:  2 main rice seasons in the North (W-Sp) and Mua crop that coincides with dry and wet seasons  3 main crops in Central and the South (W-Sp, S-Aut and Mua)  The Green Revolution in 1960’s when a lot of new varieties with short growth duration, short stem, resistance to logging, adapt to intensive farming condition, high yield etc were developed. This enabled more intensive cropping systems to be developed that significantly increased total yield and income  From 1990 to 2005, the total area of rice has expanded by 22% (W-Sp rice up 44.8%, S-Aut rice up 93.4% and Mua rice down 26.2%). Since 2001 there has been a small (2.5%) decrease in the total area of rice grown.  The total yield of rice has increased by 86% from 1990 – 2005.  The big change in production over the years has occurred for the following reasons. (Table 2) o Strongly supportive Government of Viet Nam policies in agriculture e.g. Improvements in irrigation systems, development of improved varieties, food security and poverty reduction o Increased funding for rice research enabling development of new varieties and replacement of old varieties throughout the country o Introduction of F1 hybrids, mainly in RRD and parts of the Central Plateau o Photosensitive varieties that have a high yield and good quality as well as better adaptation and better tolerance/resistance to pests and diseases. o Mua crop varieties have declined and been replaced by improved varieties, especially in the RRD region. Table 2. Area, Yield and Production of Paddy (1961-2005)* Year Area Yield Production Thousand. ha Index (Previous year=100%) Ton /ha Index (previous year=100%) Thousand. ton Index (previous year=100%) Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 4 1961 4.744.000 - 1.896 - 8.997.400 - 1965 4.826.300 101,73 1.941 102,37 9.369.900 104,14 1970 4.724.400 97,88 2.153 110,92 10.173.300 108,57 1975 4.855.900 102,78 2.120 98,46 10.293.600 101,18 1980 5.600.200 115,32 2.080 98,11 11.647.400 113,15 1985 5.730.900 102,33 2.783 133,79 15.874.800 136,29 1990 6.027.700 105,17 3.189 114,58 19.225.104 121,10 1995 6.765.600 102,53 3.690 103,47 24.963.700 106,10 2000 7.666.300 100,23 4.240 103,28 32.529.500 103,61 2001 7.492.700 97,73 4.290 101,17 32.108.400 98,70 2002 7.504.300 100,15 4.590 106,99 34.447.200 107,28 2003 7.449.300 99,26 4.630 100,87 34.518.600 100,20 2004 7.445.300 99,94 4.860 104,96 36.148.900 104,72 2005 7.326.400 98,40 4.890 100,61 35.790.800 99,00 * Source from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Average yields have increased 2.2% per year from 1961 – 1990 (1.896 to 3.189 tons/ha). This increase is attributed to the Green Revolution impact of rice breeding. From 1990 - 2005 total yield increased 2.3% per year (3.69 to 4.89 tons/ha) Most of this increase can be attributed to application of hybrid rice in the North (RRD) and high yielding varieties in the South (MKD). In addition improved rice cultivation and improved seeding techniques, and application of “3 increases 3 deceases”, (ICM, IPM and GAP). Over the last 30 years, total production of rice in Vietnam has increased about 6.6%/year – the first rank in the world. Vietnam now is the second/third largest rice exporting nation. Value and Markets Export Markets  Six countries (Thailand (30%), Vietnam (14%), America (14%), India (12%), China (9%) occupied 86% of the world rice export market (FAOSTAT, 2004).  World production of rice has increased increase from 144 million tons (1975) to 606 million tons (2005) (FAOSTAT, 2004)  FAO predicts that demand will increase to 800 million tons by 2030 – an annual increase of 1% per year.  Since 1975 the world price has declined from 750USD/ton (1975) to 240 USD/ton (2005). Relatively small increases in annual production can severely disrupt price.  The quality of exports varies: Egypt, EU, America, Australia, China, India, Argentina, Uruguay (India and Pakistan export Basmati variety) export rice with high quality. India, Thailand, Vietnam export rice with medium quality and India, Pakistan, Thailand, China, Vietnam export rice with low quality.  Some major exporting countries (Thailand, China and Vietnam are diversifying from rice into other crops while other producers (Cambodia) have increased area and yield as national goals. Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 5 Table 3. Rice Exports from Vietnam (1989- 2005) Year Export quantity (tons) Price (USD/tons) Value (1000 USD) Worldwide imported rice (tons) 1989 1.420.000 204 290.000 - 1990 1.624.000 248 304.637 - 1991 1.033.000 283 234.482 - 1992 1.945.800 239 417.742 - 1993 1.722.000 209 310.000 - 1994 1.983.000 230 359.600 - 1995 1.988.000 289 391.900 - 1996 3.500.000 303 750.000 19.700.000 1997 3.574.804 256 870.892 18.800.000 1998 3.800.000 288 1.023.997 27.200.000 1999 4.550.000 228 1.037.400 24.900.000 2000 3.476.000 177 600.000 22.300.000 2001 3.730.000 154 545.000 21.500.000 2002 3.480.000 180 560.000 23.800.000 2003 3.813.000 189 727.000 24.900.000 2004 4.059.740 233 950.390 27.230.000 2005 5.250.270 268 1.407.230 Source: FAOSTAT, 2000; Tran Van Dat, 2004 and Trading Ministry of Vietnam Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 6 Table 4. Export Markets Destination Market 2002 2004 2005 Quantity (1.000t0n) Value (million USD) Quantity (1.000ton) Value (million USD) Quantity (1.000ton) Value (million USD) Total 3.135,20 560.000 4.059,74 950,39 5.250,27 1.407.23 Nth. America 301,1 1,12 0,32 - - United States - 0,89 0,24 - - Europe 137,00 324,41 70,75 87,38 23,24 EU25 - 46,29 9,97 10,14 3,33 EU15 - 13,48 3,70 9,34 3,07 Eastern Europe 137,00 141,17 32,50 69,60 18,01 Asia 2.078,10 1.914,42 456,83 2.484,08 686.03 ASEAN 1.185,60 1.401,22 313,25 2.224,95 616,89 Middle East 886,30 351,02 102,02 12,03 3,12 Japan 4,70 75,36 16,06 196,83 53,42 China 1,50 82,62 19,21 48,28 11,97 Hong Kong 2,20 0,67 1,13 0,29 Australia + Oceania 100,0 4,48 0,95 3,20 0,84 Other countries 519,00 1.815,31 421,54 2.675,61 697.12  Rice exports form Viet Nam commenced in 1998 and have increased annually. The value of the rice crop in 2005 was approximately 40% of total agriculture GDP.  Export volumes are 3.6 times higher in 2005 compared to 1989, and rice exports have increased 21.1%/year on average.  Main exports are to Asia (40-60% of annual exporting volume). Europe, Africa, Middle East and Japan are also markets of Vietnam but are unlikely to increase in the foreseeable future. Domestic markets:  Viet Nam has a population of 80 million and rice as the main food in the diet. As living conditions improve the demand is for better quality rice.  The domestic market is estimated to be 22 million tons with a market value of US$5 billion.  A further 8 million tons of poor quality and split grain rice is used for animal feed (Value approximately US$1 billion).  Almost all regions of Vietnam are self-sufficient in rice – the majority – 80-90% of exports are from the Cuu Long River Delta. Government Policies Rice development is given high priority by the Government. It is not only for national food security but for maintaining 4-5 ton milled rice to export. It is also very important to farmers, especially in the MKD region, whose main income is based on rice production. Four major rice programs are supported by government: Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 7  Improved variety: Genetics improvement, breeding for very early and early maturity for Mekong delta areas, Red river delta areas, central areas, and intensive cultivation areas to meet the demand of importing markets, overcome floating and drought, rotation with winter crops ( vegetables, potato, sweet potato, corn, water melon)  F1 Hybrid rice: A big government, it contributes to increasing the yield from Red river delta areas, central areas, and central plateau to ensure national food security. In the coming year Viet-Nam will produce its own F1 hybrid seed to ensure rice production is based on domestic seed.  Aromatic rice: Strong attention to improvement genetics to release varieties (with very early and early maturity but high yield and aromatic character and good resistance/tolerance to disease and insect pets) to meet demand from rice markets as well as increase national income from exporting rice .  Locally uniform variety: Purification of Special rice varieties from local varieties such as Lua -Tam, Tam -Xoan, Nang-Thom, Nang-Thom -Cho-Dao.from to improve value in exporting markets. Comparative Advantage  Viet-Nam is a member of AFTA and as a member of WTO at the end of this year, the level of taxes and protection for export crops, including rice will be reduced.  The rice world market is expected to increase with increasing population and demand for affordable food.  Viet-Nam has well defined markets, in developing countries, where living standards are still low. Rice from Viet-Nam imports is not so expensive and Viet-Nam has a comparative advantage in these markets.  At present Vietnamese breeders have been released some of high quality with aroma varieties those are testing in lager scale. These varieties would be grown as national varieties on larger areas in the near future years. 3 Industry Analysis 3.1 Structure Households and Size of Holdings  In the MKD the area of rice per farmer household is rather large, may be several hectare for each household.  In other regions, especial in the RD regions, rice area of a household is very moderate, of some hundreds and thousands m².  On some river banks rice planting area of a farmer household is not so large - usually less than a hectare for each household.  In river delta regions, especial in the MKD and RRD regions, rice planting area is reduced; rice is replaced by crops that are more profitable such as vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers. 3.2 Supporting Infrastructure  At present irrigation systems for rice production are almost completed in RRD to MKD. Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 8  Seed production Plant protection centres are sufficient and good enough to control disease and insect pest.  Agricultural extension bureau belong to MARD and extension centres from provinces are strongly supporting in rice production, too.  There are 270,000 rice millers in Mekong Delta with total capacity of 21,000 tons paddy batch (equal to 11 million rice/year), more than 300 machines for polishing rice, and some rice grading machines are produced in Vietnam 3.3 Future Trends and Key Market Issues.  Market for rice is rather convenient to export and there is high domestic consumption demand.  Rice areas will decrease year to year due to developing industry and diversification into more profitable crops. The challenge is how to produce sufficient amount for market meanwhile.  In 1989 Viet-Nam exported rice (1,420,000 tons). Since 2000 Viet-Nam has become the second largest rice exporter  Value of exports was billion USD meanwhile to meet domestic demand.  Target for 2010 is to maintain 35 million ton of paddy rice with better quality and aromatic although rice areas would be decrease yearly also. 4 R&D Information 4.1 Main Research Areas  Genetic improvement in yield and quality including development of hybrid varieties, and selection for very early and early maturity, Uniform varieties, aromatic varieties  Introduction and evaluation of new F1 hybrid varieties  Development of production packages incorporating agronomic practices, pest and disease management and commercial production systems  Improvement harvesting and post harvest processing  The 1978-2000 national science and technology program for food crops (major crop rice) had a focus on germplasm collection, breeding and selecting new varieties for intensive areas and disadvantage areas.  The 2001 – 2005 varieties program for crops, animal and forest is focused on breeding and selecting rice varieties for intensive farming areas as well as dis- advantaged areas, breeding and selecting hybrid rice, super rice variety, special rice variety, high quality rice for exportation.  Main research disciplines/fields include: - Bio technology, breeding, regional planning/projecting, farming/crop systems, soil science, plant protection, post harvest technology. 4.2 Major Research Providers Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  Viet-Nam Agricultural Science Institute (VASI) (now Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences – VAAS)  Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam (IAS) Crops Priority Workshop. Data & Information Sheets 9  Agricultural Genetics Institute,  National Centre of Variety Evaluation and Seed Certification (NCVESC),  Cuu Long Rice Research Institute,  Food Crop Research Institute Universities  Hanoi Agricultural University,  Thai -Nguyen Agro-Forestry University,  Ho- Chi - Minh Agricultural University,  Hue Agricultural University  Can -Tho University Others  Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (Mutation rice breeding).  IAEA (mutation rice breeding)  International cooperation on R & D of the rice crops is very active in training, scientific information exchange and particularly in germplasm for breeding as well as solutions F1 hybrid seed production in Viet-Nam.  International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)  Provincial seed companies with trained technicians  Hundreds senior scientists and thousands researchers with different research fields such as bio-technology, plant breeding, farming systems, regional project, variety pattern, soil research, fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection, agriculture, engineering and post harvest technology and protection of Vie