Đề tài Report on investigations into mango supply chains in the mekong delta Vietnam 2005-2007

REPORT ON INVESTIGATIONS INTO MANGO SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE MEKONG DELTA VIETNAM 2005-2007 By Robert Nissen1, Tran Thi Ngoc Diep2, Nguyen Duy Duc2, Nguyen Minh Chau3, Nguyen Trinh Nhat Hang2, Tran Nguyen Lien Minh2, Tran Thi Kim Oanh2, M. Rankin4, I. Russel4 and Peter Hofman1 1 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) , Maroochy Research Station, PO Box 5083 SCMC, Queensland, Australia, 4560. 2 Southern Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP), 54 Tran Khanh Du Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 3 Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), Long Dinh-Chau Thanh, P0 Box 203 My Tho Tien Giang, Vietnam. 4University of Queensland, Gatton College, School of Natural and Rural Systems Management, Gatton Campus, Lawes Queensland, 4343, Australia. 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AusAID CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of domestic and export markets through improved post harvest and supply chain management January 2008 Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Background....................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................5 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................5 Survey of mango consumers in Ho Chi Minh City ..........................................................................................7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................7 Results.......................................................................................................................................................7 Demographics of Ho Chi Minh City .......................................................................................................7 Survey of Mango Retailers in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) .............................................................................23 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................23 Results.....................................................................................................................................................23 Retailers of Ho Chi Minh City. .............................................................................................................23 Retailer experience and length of time in the trade. ............................................................................23 Retailers purchasing patterns and locations........................................................................................24 Transport of product to retailer’s place of business .............................................................................24 Retailers’ delivery of product to consumers.........................................................................................25 Transaction types and methods of payment........................................................................................25 Retailer sales, quantity of mango sold in Ho Chi Minh City .................................................................25 The retailer wholesale purchasing price of mango in Ho Chi Minh City...............................................27 The retail sale price for mango in Ho Chi Minh City ............................................................................30 Factors contributing to fruit loss at the retail level................................................................................33 Preservation techniques and post-harvest technologies applied by retailers ......................................36 Difficulties and costs associate with running a retail business in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ..............37 Labour requirements for retail shops at markets and fruit shops.........................................................37 Taxes and fees paid by retailers to operate their business..................................................................38 Information flows, exchanges and business fess paid by retailers to associations..............................38 Survey of Mango Wholesalers and Collectors .............................................................................................39 Ho Chi Minh City Fruit and Vegetable Central Markets ...........................................................................39 Wholesalers experience and length of time in the trade in South Vietnam..........................................39 Transportation practices......................................................................................................................40 Wholesaler purchasing practices.........................................................................................................42 Wholesaler mango purchasing prices .................................................................................................43 Quantity of mango sold by wholesalers...............................................................................................45 Wholesaler mango selling prices and profit .........................................................................................46 Wholesaler business operational expenses ........................................................................................48 Labour costs........................................................................................................................................49 Tax and electricity and water fees .......................................................................................................49 Wholesalers post-harvest handling techniques and practices .............................................................50 Fruit grading practices and quality assurance .....................................................................................54 Artificial ripening of fruit .......................................................................................................................54 Maturity level of fruit ............................................................................................................................55 Wholesalers supply chain communication practices ...........................................................................55 Collectors .....................................................................................................................................................57 Collectors’ purchasing practices..........................................................................................................57 Collectors’ suppliers ............................................................................................................................57 Transportation .....................................................................................................................................57 Collectors handling and quality assurance practices...........................................................................58 Fruit grading by collectors ...................................................................................................................58 Packaging ...........................................................................................................................................59 Storage................................................................................................................................................61 AusAID CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of domestic and export markets through improved post harvest and supply chain management January 2008 Page 4 Collectors’ sale price for mango ..........................................................................................................61 Survey of Mango Farmers in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam............................................................................63 Pre-Harvest .............................................................................................................................................63 Varieties ..............................................................................................................................................63 Production Area...................................................................................................................................63 Farm sizes...........................................................................................................................................64 Production Periods ..............................................................................................................................65 Orchards and production systems.......................................................................................................65 Orchard tree age .................................................................................................................................66 Canopy Management ..........................................................................................................................66 Yield ....................................................................................................................................................67 Yield manipulation ...............................................................................................................................69 Fertilizers and Irrigation.......................................................................................................................70 Pre-harvest pest and disease control methods ...................................................................................70 Infield diseases that directly affect on fruit...........................................................................................70 Infield pests that directly affect fruit quality ..........................................................................................73 Post-harvest ............................................................................................................................................78 Harvesting ...........................................................................................................................................78 Maturity indicators ...............................................................................................................................81 Fruit grading AND packing ..................................................................................................................82 Shelf life ..............................................................................................................................................86 Transport .............................................................................................................................................88 Sale of fruit ..........................................................................................................................................90 Farm gate prices received for mango fruit ...........................................................................................91 Farm fees and taxes............................................................................................................................92 Communication and information exchange .........................................................................................95 Farm profit from mango production..........................................................................................................98 Environmental sustainability issues in the Mekong Delta ......................................................................100 Soil Management ..............................................................................................................................101 Irrigation and Water Management Practices .....................................................................................101 Agricultural Chemical Usage .............................................................................................................102 Mango Processor:- Costal Fisheries Development Copporation (CONFIDEC) Mango Processing Factory ...................................................................................................................................................................106 Observations and recommendations for the mango processor ..................................................................107 Ho Chi Minh City, May 2006..............................................................................................................107 Mango ripening......................................................................................................................................107 Air movement ........................................................................................................................................107 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................................107 Other suggestions .............................................................................................................................108 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................109 Consumers ............................................................................................................................................109 Retailers ................................................................................................................................................109 Wholesalers/Collectors ..........................................................................................................................110 Farmers .................................................................................................................................................111 Cooperatives and groups ..................................................................................................................111 Supply chains ....................................................................................................................................111 References.................................................................................................................................................114 AusAID CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of domestic and export markets through improved post harvest and supply chain management January 2008 Page 5 BACKGROUND In the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, about 33 286 hectares of mango are grown, producing about 193 383 metric tonnes of fruit per year. Currently, over 80% of the mango production is from small individual village farms. Many farmers harvest immature fruit to reduce damage from fruit fly and poor handling systems along the supply chain. Many poor farmers do not have direct access to supermarkets due to food safety, quantity requirements, and delivery conditions. Many open wet markets in Asia lack the necessary hygiene facilities to meet the growing demand for safe products. Traditional markets and street vendors are the major participants in the food distribution lines in Vietnam. Supermarket numbers are increasing due to consumer demands for safe food and the Vietnamese Government promotion of ideals on safe food. As Vietnamese wages increase and consumers demand a safe product, the number of supermarkets has increased dramatically in Ho Chi Minh City between 1990 and 2004, at a rate of 17% per year. In Hanoi, supermarket expansion also occurred at a rate of 14% per year from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, there were 43 supermarkets and nine trade centres in Hanoi. In 2005, there were 71 supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City (Moustier, et al 2006). Producers must be highly adaptable; inflexible producers will not be able to generate added value to the supply chain and will be forced out of their industry. Producers must adopt new supply chain strategies that will deliver value for money to their customers and ultimately the end consumer. INTRODUCTION This report provides baseline information on investigations undertaken as part of the Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development CARD Project 050/04VIE “Improvement of export and domestic markets for Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management”. This collaborative project is funded by AusAID and administered by Hassall and Associates International. The project is between the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (QDPI&F) and the Vietnamese organisations, Southern Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP), and Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI). The aim of this report is to investigate and understand mango supply chains in Mekong Delta, Vietnam by: • determining pre- and post-harvest technology practices of these supply chains • determining the quality of the product produced by these supply chains • identifying participants in the existing domestic and export supply chains • map the existing mango supply chains and their and distribution channels METHODOLOGY Several methods were used to collect baseline data on mango supply chains operating in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Relevant data and information was collected from the internet and reports produced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), The Government Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam, and provincial government offices in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Further information was obtained from the internet and published reports and databases of the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations and World Bank. Survey sheets and process analyses were developed and tested by Vietnamese project staff. This was part of the training conducted by the Australian collaborators for the CARD Project 050/04VIE. The supply chain was segmented into the various supply chain