Đề tài Science and technology in livestock production and development in Vietnam during recent years

1 Discussion Paper for Agriculture Sector Priorities Workshop SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM DURING RECENT YEARS I. THE ROLES AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK IN VIETNAM DURING RECENT YEARS 1.1 The Roles of Livestock in Eco-social Development in Vietnam Firstly, livestock contributes to the agricultural diversification and changes towards the higher productivity in value per unit of land and per unit of labor input. Livestock production, especially in the context of the agricultural production characterized by small-household production as Vietnam, will bring about opportunities of higher productivity per 1 ha of land as compared with crop - based agriculture. Secondly, there has been a great potential on the increased demand of livestock products in local and international markets, especially it is rather high demand of the pork and chicken meat. Thirdly, livestock production will improve significantly nutritional status of the people by additional providing higher amounts of protein in daily diets as well as overcoming protein shortage and mal-nutrition. Finally, livestock production serves as an important income source of almost Vietnam farmers, especially those living in mountainous and remote areas where the poor percentage reaches the top. So, livestock production will make an important impact in poor reduction and income distribution. 1.2 The achievements of animal production in Vietnam during recent years Livestock production in Vietnam has undergone tremendous development during last 15 years with high growth rates in term of product quantity, quantity and value - During 15 years (1995 to 2010), the share of livestock product value has increased from 18.9% in 1995 to 27% in 2008. Their absolute values were 16,200 billion VND and 97.9 billion VND in 1995 and in 2008, respectively (6 fold). The average growth rate is 7% per year (Table 1) 2 Table 1. Agriculture and Livestock Product Values by Year Year Agro. Product Value (Thousand billion VND) Livestock Product Value (Thousand billion VND)) Share of Livestock Value to Total Agriculture (%) Growth Rate in Compared with Previous Year (%) 1995 85,50 16,20 18,90 # 2000 129,10 25,00 19,30 6,70 2001 130,10 25,50 19,50 4,10 2002 145,20 30,60 20,50 9,90 2003 154,00 34,50 22,50 8,20 2004 172,50 37,30 21,60 5,80 2005 183,30 45,20 24,70 11,60 2006 197,90 48,50 24,50 6,90 2007 236,90 57,80 24,40 4,60 2008 362,80 97,90 27,00 6,00 Source: GSO - 2008 - Livestock numbers during the last 10 years have increased 4-5% annually (Table 2). However, total meat increased from 1.8 million MT in 2000 to 3.68 million MT in 2009 (2 fold)) with the growth rate of 6.5-7.0% per year (Table 3). From the data, it has strongly indicated that livestock productivity has increased. - With the total of 27.6 million head of pigs, Vietnam is in the Top ten and stands at Number Five in the world in term of pig population and Number Six in term of pork production. The growth rate of pig population is at 3.4% and pork quantity produced in 2008 reached to 2.88 million MT representing the growth rate of 4.1%. - Avian Influenza happened since 2003 has had a great impact on poultry production in the country. According to the official statistics, poultry production in Vietnam has been recovered in 2009 and its population reached 280 million chicks and increased by 13.2%. Total chicken meat production was 467.3 thousand MT increasing 12% as compared with that in 2008. Total egg production was 5.2 billion, increasing 7%. In 2009, cattle population was 6.1 million head, decreasing 3.7% in comparison with that in 2008. However beef meat production increased 12.5% reaching 255.7 thousand MT. 3 Table 2. Livestock Population by Year Year Buffalo (Mill. Head) Cattle (Mill. Head Dairy cattle (Mill. Head) Pig (Mill. Head Chicken (mill. Head Muscovy Duck (Mill. Head) Goat (000 Head) Horse (000 Head) 2000 2,90 4,13 35,00 20,19 147,10 51,00 543,90 126,5 2001 2,82 3,90 41,20 21,76 158,00 57,97 569,00 113,4 2002 2,82 4,06 55,85 23,17 159,45 73,84 621,90 110,9 2003 2,84 4,39 80,00 25,46 185,20 68,84 780,40 112,5 2004 2,87 4,91 95,80 26,14 159,20 58,92 1022,00 110,8 2005 2,92 5,54 104,10 27,43 220,00 60,10 1314,00 110,5 2006 2,92 6,51 113,20 26,90 214,60 62,60 1525,00 87,3 2007 2,99 6,72 98,60 26,50 157,90 68,00 1777,00 103,5 2008 2,90 6,34 107,89 26,70 176,04 71,18 1483,50 121,0 2009* 2,89 6,10 115,52 27,63 199,99 80,18 1375,13 102,21 Source: GSO - 2008. * Estimated value Table 3. Meat Production by Year Total Meat Beef Buffalo Meat Pork Poultry Year Quantity. (1000 MT) % as with previous year Quantity. (1000 MT) % as with previous year Quantity. (1000 MT) % as with previous year Quantity. (1000 MT) % as with previous year Quantity. (1000 MT) % as with previous year 2000 1.835,920 7,26 93,82 9,73 48,41 4,74 1418,100 7,58 292,90 11,87 2001 1.984,910 8,12 102,03 8,75 51,38 6,14 1513,280 6,71 322,60 10,14 2002 2.245,160 13,11 102,45 0,41 51,81 0,84 1653,600 9,27 338,40 4,89 2003 2.328,760 3,72 107,54 4,96 53,06 2,41 1795,400 8,57 372,72 10,14 2004 2.505,670 7,60 119,79 11,39 57,45 8,28 2012,000 12,06 316,40 -15,11 2005 2.812,170 12,23 142,16 18,68 59,80 4,07 2288,300 13,73 321,90 1,74 2006 3.076,410 9,40 159,46 12,17 64,32 7,55 2505,000 9,47 344,40 6,99 2007 3.295,020 7,10 106,14 -33,44 67,50 4,96 2662,700 6,29 358,80 4,18 2008 3.486,680 5,82 227,19 114,04 71,54 5,98 2771,000 4,07 417,00 16,22 2009 3.682,616 5,62 255,75 12,57 74,96 4,78 2884,600 4,10 467,30 12,08 Source: GSO - 2008 4 II. THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIOD OF 2006-2010 2.1. Animal Genetic and Breeding (Access and Use of Highly Valued Genetic Sources) For many years, the researchers have taken a number of studies on the use of exotic breeds and cross-breeding in collaboration with production units, especially with the assistance of international scientists. A number of exotic breeds have been imported. They are kept as pure breeding stock and have been multiplied in several locations in the country. At the same time, they have been considered as source of genetic potential for crossbreeding with the local breeds with the arm of improving the productive performances of the local breeds. The following provides several examples of the studies on animal genetic and breeding of domestic animals in recent years - Pig breeds A lot of pure pig breeds such as Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc, and Pietrain have been imported into Vietnam from America, Canada and European countries. They are developing well under Vietnam conditions. Thanks to adaptation research and multiplication, their productive performances are maintained rather stable and equal to that at original locations. Several parameters are given below: * Number of piglets born per litter: 11.3 * Number of piglets after weaning: 10.3 * Number of birth per year: 2.1 * Feed convention rate: 2.6-2.8 kg * Number of piglets per sow per year: 20-22 * Lean meat percentage: 55-60% However, these exotic breeds are at the low percentage of about 10% of the total herd and they are kept only several areas which have better production conditions such as feed availability and producer’s knowledge. Cross-bred pigs having different levels of exotic breeds (2, 3 or even 4) have been created. At the time, cross-bred pigs share 55% in total of 27 million pigs in Vietnam. Due to crossbreeding, pig productivities are improved. For example: Live body weight at slaughter increases from 45-50kg to 70-75kg, lean meat percentage increases from 32-35% to 52-57%. - Beef and Dairy Cattle Breeds - Dairy Cattle: High milk yielding dairy cattle namely Holstein Friesian (HF) have been imported into Vietnam and developed well in suitable condition areas such as Moc Chau and Lam Dong. In recent years, instead of import from temperate areas the Holstein cows were 5 imported from Australia and New Zealand where the climate conditions are similar to Vietnam. They have showed the good productivity in Tuyen Quang, Thanh Hoa and Nghe An with milk yields around 4.800-5500 kg per lactation. - Crossbred cows between HF and improved Zebu cows with different levels of HF blood as from 50% (½); 75% (¾); even 87,5% (7/8) show good performances. By the tight selection and best feeding application, their milk yield has been increased time by time from 2200kg/lactation during 1990s to 4200- 4500 kg/lactation in 2008. The nucleus herd (selected cows) gives milk yields of 5200-5500 kg/ lactation in 2009. - Beef cattle: The world well-known beef cattle such as Red Angus, Drought Master, Charolais. Limousine which have been imported into Vietnam are now used as resources with good genetic potential for multiplication and crossbreeding in Vietnam, especially under beef production program. At present, the percentage of improved cattle is 47% in 2009, while that in 2001 was only 27%. By cross-breeding, the average live body weight increases from 235kg/head in 2001 to 265kg/head in 2009. - The chicken lines as TP4, TP1, TP2, LV4, LV5, VP2, RA, and HA2 have been created and selected. They showed better performance in comparision with local chickens. Survival rates of 95,38 – 97,86%, live body weight at 56 day of age is 2,2-2,3kg; egg production is 175- 178/hen/year. - In addition, a number of duck and moscovy ducks lines are created and selected with their productive performances being much higher as compaired with local ones. - Besisde the of use of exotics in improving the productivity of local breeds, the numbers local chicken bredds as H’mong, Ri, Tau Vang; local pigs as Van ba, Wild pigs have recovered and expanded to several areas. 2.2. Effective Use of Animal Feed (Studies on Nutritive Requirement, Formulating Balanced Diets and Feeding Regime) In term of the economics points of livestock production, feed cost is about 70% of total production costs. The basic and applied studies on animal nutrition have been conducted to formulate diets and find out profitable feeding regimes in order to reduce feed inputs per unit of products. - On basic research: To determine digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME), net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for production (NEp) for several feed and ration for ruminants (dairy cattle, beef cattle and goat). - On applied research: Based on the basic studies, a number of applied research in formulating optimum rations and feeding regimes were successful for different kinds of animals at various physical status, especially local feed based diets, reduced feed conversion ratios (FCR) which have brought about higher economic efficiency. Some examples are below: 6 * FCR is 2.5-2.6 kg for fattening pigs. It is considered as a good result because it is close to the FCR in developed countries with better breeds and feed quality. * For chicken, studies have resulted in significant improvement of FCR and the results are as good as the results from other countries of the region. FCR for 1 kg liveweight gain is 1.7-1.8 kg for industrial chicks and 2.4-2.6 kg for colored chicks. Feed consumption for production of 10 eggs is 1.6-1.7kg. 2.3. Development of Feed Resource and Better Use of Local Feed Availability (Studies on selection of suitable grasses and better conversion of crop residues) - Eighteen (18) in which 9 cultivars belong to grasses planted in dry land, 02 cultivars grasses planted in wet land, 05 legume grasses and 02 feed plants have been selected and created. Five legume cultivars and 2 grasses are now developed at larger scale production with high bio-mass productivity such as Brachiaria brizantha grass is 96 MT/ha; Stylo is 84 MT/ha on a wet matter basis. Studies on the seed production of these grasses were done with the promising seed harvested. They are 320 kg/ha, 139kg/ha and 50 kg/ha for Paspalum, Stylo and Brachiaria, respectively. - Some temperate grass (Sorghum - Avera Strigosaatura) was tested under different climate conditions and showed high yields of 60 MT/ha, Crude protein of 19%), ME of 4300kcal, especially at low composition of crude fibre (27%). These suitable for feed for growth in winter and at other times of feed shortages such as dry or hot conditions - Studies on better use of crop residues (rice straw, maize stover) have been conducted in order to improve the use of these low nutritive value. A number of technical interventions mostly associated with chemical and biological treatment of these crop resides such as urea, lime, microbial treatment and use of the treated feed in rations for ruminants (mainly for cattle and buffalo) have been successful. One outstanding result is use of urea treated maize stover and corncobs in ration with molasses for feedlots. Results showed growth rate of 718- 879 gr/day; FCR of 6.56 – 7.58kg, carcass rate of 46.2- 48.3 % and reduction of 15 -20% of production cost 2.4. Development and Effective Use of Bio-products in Livestock Production (Developing and Using New Bio-products) - Two pro-biotic products are produced. They are used for pig and reduced 15-20% of diarrhea cases and increased growth rate of 6-10% and reduced FCR of 7-12%. - Premix named KL-01 is made to prevent reproductive problems. Diseases related to reproduction reduce by 2.5 - 3%. - Plant based products (from ginger, garlics ….) are developed and use of anti-biotic replacement in preventing diarrhea and reparatory diseases in pigs, especially for piglets. These are now testing in larger scale at different areas and then will be produced commercially. - The hen yolk antibodies were developed for prophylaxis and treatment of diarrhea and edema disease in piglets due to E.coli, calf diarrhea due to E.coli and Salmonella. These specific yolk 7 products were easy to use with low cost and high efficiency; 70-80% were recovered within a few days of treatment. - Several antigens were prepared for diagnostic purpose, which included the fasciola excretory- secretory antigen to diagnose the fascioliasis in animal and human, the Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) antigen using in the diagnosis of CRD. 2.5. Application of Bio-technology (Developing new techniques) * Development of Gene Techniques + Development of protocols to identify and determine HAL gene, ESR gene serving as sophisticated tools in pig breeding selection and BLAD gene for dairy cow selection + To identify performance-relating genes such as Halothane gene in pig and Kappacasein and β- lactoglobulin genes in dairy cows. * Embryo Technology - Production of bovine embryos by in-vivo and in-vitro techniques, Freezing thawing and implanting embryos - Production of boar frozen semen and use of these semen to increase the number of piglets pre litter as high as 14- 16 2.6. Increasing Livestock Product Value by Processing (Processing livestock products) A few studies on processing technologies of livestock products are available. Basically it is due to lack people and knowledge in the area. However, there has been several techniques have been developed. They include: - Muscovy-duck Liver Production: Muscovy Ducks R71 are used to produce Muscovy duck livers. The product characteristics are 9% protein, 29-32% lipid equal to France products, but price is 50% only. This product is awarded Golden Cup in TECHMART Festival 2006, 2007. - Egg preservation: Technique to spray a thin smear of paraffin is developed. Eggs could be preserved for about 5 weeks under summer climate conditions - Techniques in pork processing in two traditional products are also developed. 2.7. Epidemiology Studies of the Emerging Diseases (Studies on disease surveillance) The epidemiology of the emerging diseases has been studied. These include the high pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), Food and Mouth disease, Porcine Reproductive and 8 Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). Epidemiological features and scientific evidences have contributed significantly to the control of these utmost important animal outbreaks. In addition, the assessment and field trials of vaccines from different sources and different formats have revealed the compatibility between the vaccine strains and the circulating pathogenic one, resulting in good choices in management of disease control. 2.8. Vaccine Developments The killed bacterial vaccines: Several vaccines against bacterial diseases were developed with the implementation of fermentation complex system and in the aluminum - killed vaccine format. These included the vaccine against avian Pasteurellosis using both P. multocida type PA1 and PA2 strains, vaccine for bovine Pasteurellosis using the P. multocida type Iran, and vaccines against the diarrhea in weaning piglets, using Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium. These inactivated vaccines were convenient for use with high safety and efficacy. The killed virus vaccine was developed recently showed a high efficacy and safety in prevention of hemorrhagic disease in rabbit (RHDV). The attenuated vaccines: The bivalent attenuated bacterial vaccine against the Pasteurellosis and salmonellosis in pig. In the field, this vaccine was found to be highly stable, safety and efficacy, very convenient for use. The attenuated virus vaccines: The attenuated vaccine against the pig classical swine fever: produced from the attenuated classical swine fever type C, consistent in safety and efficacy. The lyophilized format provided a long lasting stability for storage. Similarly, the lyophilized attenuated duck hepatitis virus vaccine was developed with high efficacy against virus hepatitis in both duck and Muscovy duck. The recombinant vaccine: The new generation of vaccine against the HPAI is currently being developed by using the recombinant DNA techniques where recombinant H-encoding gene was designed to express the H5 antigen in the yeast expression system (Pichia pastoris). I. THE LIVESTOCK RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN THE PERIOD OF 2011-2015 1.1 Livestock Production Strategy to the Year 2020 The Strategy of Livestock Production to the Year 2020 was approved by Prime Minister by the Decision of 10/2008/QĐ-TTg dated January 16, 2008 with the following objectives: - Basically, by the year 2020 livestock products will be produced by farms and industry enable conditions as hygiene, free diseases, food safety, environmental protection; to meet the local markets demands and for export - Increasing the share of livestock product value to 32% in 2010, 38% in 2015 and 42% in 2020. 9 3.2. The Challenges in Livestock Production and Development in Vietnam 3.2.1 Low Productivity Livestock product value occupied by 27% of total agricultural product value, with about 70% of the labor force engaging in livestock production indicating low productivity of livestock production. Several factors impacting on the low productivity include low genetic merit, animal disease feed quality and farming practices, but are mostly due to small scale production which cannot apply mechanized and advanced technology in order to reduce inputs or improve off- takes. 3.2.2 High Prices of Animal Feed and Low Feed Quality Feed industry in Vietnam has grown dramatically since 1994. Thank to renovation, high investment from local and foreign companies has made great changes in growth rate of industrial feed volume by 23% during 1988-2008 and industrial fe