Mong Cai pigs are mainly kept in the rural households (80-90% of the local sow population) in two
provinces of Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri, where the climate is extremely harsh with frequent
floods and droughts. Smallholder animal production with little capital and lack of knowledge and
experience has hindered the application of new technical advances or new breeds with high
performance. Under the funding of the project CARD-004/05-VIE, a study entitled "Some technical
solutions suitable for development of smallholder pig production in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue"
has been carried out since 2008. The primary results showed that:
- Breeding solution: The genetic improvement of the local MC breeds was done by introduction of
breeding Mong Cai pigs (boars and sows) from the northern provinces for pure breeding with local
pigs. Results showed a significant increase in the number of piglets weaned per litter, ranging from
9.87 to 10.81 piglets between before and after the improvement, respectively.
- Housing solutions: The type of house for sow considerably affects on the number of piglets weaned
per litter and weight gain per day. The number of piglets weaned per litter in the new house style is
11.2 piglets while 8.2 piglets were found in the old house type. Average daily gain of 126.25 g was
recorded in the new house type whereas it is 107 g in the old house type.
- The technical solution: heating technique and training to eat early for piglet result in increasing
number of piglets weaned per litter (10.8 piglets compared to 9.80 piglets) and shorten the weaning
time of piglets from 45 days to 30-35 days of age as well as increase the number of litters per sow per
year from 2 to 2.35 litters.
- E. coli vaccine for the control of Colibacillosis in suckling pigs: recording data including piglets born
alive, stillbirths, mummies or (died before parturition), deformities e.g. splay legs, abortion alive.
There is significant difference between vaccinated and control groups (P<0.05). Particularly, the
prevalence of piglets with diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks of life from vaccinated group were significant
lower compared to control group (P<0.05).
- A profit per sow per year in the group of sows involved in the project is higher than that in the
remaining group (1,162,045 VND compared to 372,663 VND, respectively).
Conclusion: The application of comprehensive technical solutions in the MC pig production in the
smallholder farmers leads to increase the productivity of the sow and brings high economic efficiency
for them.
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Collaboration for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) Program
100
SOME TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF SMALLHOLDER PIG PRODUCTION IN QUANG TRI AND THUA
THIEN - HUE PROVINCES
Project title: A blueprint for sustainable smallholder pig production in Central Vietnam
Code of the project: CARD 004/05 VIE
Author(s): Duyen T.T.B.1, Do N.T.2, Linh N.Q.3, Darren T.4 et al
Project Implementing organisations:
1 National Institute of Animal Husbandry (NIAH), Vietnam
2 National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Vietnam
3 Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam
4 University of Queensland, Australia
SUMMARY
Mong Cai pigs are mainly kept in the rural households (80-90% of the local sow population) in two
provinces of Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri, where the climate is extremely harsh with frequent
floods and droughts. Smallholder animal production with little capital and lack of knowledge and
experience has hindered the application of new technical advances or new breeds with high
performance. Under the funding of the project CARD-004/05-VIE, a study entitled "Some technical
solutions suitable for development of smallholder pig production in Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue"
has been carried out since 2008. The primary results showed that:
- Breeding solution: The genetic improvement of the local MC breeds was done by introduction of
breeding Mong Cai pigs (boars and sows) from the northern provinces for pure breeding with local
pigs. Results showed a significant increase in the number of piglets weaned per litter, ranging from
9.87 to 10.81 piglets between before and after the improvement, respectively.
- Housing solutions: The type of house for sow considerably affects on the number of piglets weaned
per litter and weight gain per day. The number of piglets weaned per litter in the new house style is
11.2 piglets while 8.2 piglets were found in the old house type. Average daily gain of 126.25 g was
recorded in the new house type whereas it is 107 g in the old house type.
- The technical solution: heating technique and training to eat early for piglet result in increasing
number of piglets weaned per litter (10.8 piglets compared to 9.80 piglets) and shorten the weaning
time of piglets from 45 days to 30-35 days of age as well as increase the number of litters per sow per
year from 2 to 2.35 litters.
- E. coli vaccine for the control of Colibacillosis in suckling pigs: recording data including piglets born
alive, stillbirths, mummies or (died before parturition), deformities e.g. splay legs, abortion alive.
There is significant difference between vaccinated and control groups (P<0.05). Particularly, the
prevalence of piglets with diarrhoea in the first 3 weeks of life from vaccinated group were significant
lower compared to control group (P<0.05).
- A profit per sow per year in the group of sows involved in the project is higher than that in the
remaining group (1,162,045 VND compared to 372,663 VND, respectively).
Conclusion: The application of comprehensive technical solutions in the MC pig production in the
smallholder farmers leads to increase the productivity of the sow and brings high economic efficiency
for them.
Keywords: Mong Cai pigs, pig breeding, Mong Cai pig husbandry technology, housing design.
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
101
1. Introduction
Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces are
located in the South Central Coast of Vietnam.
They are always influenced by the harsh
climate throughout the year. The soil slopes
and is always eroded by floods, and droughts
occur frequently. Pig production is mainly
based on smallholder farmers with little capital
and lack of husbandry knowledge.
Mong Cai pigs are raised mainly in the
smallholder farmers. 80-90% of the total sow
population are kept for breeding resources
purpose. These breeding pigs, however, have
low reproductive performance. This is due to
many causes, one of which is high level of
inbreeding. Introgression of high performance
and healthy Mong Cai pigs into the local MC
pigs to improve their genetic potential is
effective in the breeding program. In addition,
the knowledge and skills in husbandry
technology, hygiene and disease prevention,
management and environmental protection
should be enhanced to support the smallholder
farmers.
Application research of advanced technology
solution appropriate to local economic – social
conditions is necessary and needs urgent
attention. Under the financial support of the
project CARD-004/05-VIE, we conducted the
study entitled "Some technical solutions
suitable for development of smallholder pig
production in Quang Tri and Thua Thien
Hue”.
The main objective of the project is to increase
reproductive performance of Mong Cai sow
stock and economic efficiency for smallholder
farmers. In addition, the project contribute to
the development of genetic resources of local
pure Mong Cai pigs in the central coastal
region.
2. Contents and methodology
2.1 Study populations
The study was carried out in two provinces of
Quang tri and Thua Thien Hue. In Quang Tri
province, two communes of Hai Phu and Hai
Thuong, which belongs to Hai Lang district,
was selected. In Thua Thien Hue province,
Quang An and Quang Tho communes of Hai
Lang district was included. Pure Mong Cai
breeding sows (MC) kept in the smallholder
farmers of these four communes were used for
this study.
2.2 Research contents and methodology
2.2.1 Improvement of performance of the
local MC pigs by pure breeding
program
o Introgression the MC breeding sows /
males collected from the Northern
provinces into the MC male / sow kept
in the study areas.
o To monitor and evaluate the
productivity of the MC pig stocks
2.2.2 Study on the effect of house type and
nestbox to reproductive performance of
sows and growth of piglets
o Influence of house type:
- New house type: The pig house
was separated from the kitchen.
The pig house was upgraded with 4
roofs (designed by experts of the
CARD project).
- Old house type: The pig house
located in or near the kitchen with
the phibro cement or tole roof of
poor ventilation.
o Effect of nestboxes to the number of
piglets weaned and the growth ability
of piglets
- A total of 20 MC sows was selected
and randomly divided into two
groups (10 sows per group).
Experimental group was supplied a
nestbox (designed by Project
CARD) to protect young piglets
from cold weather and the control
group was not provided the
nestbox.
- Temperature, humidity and heat
index (HI) of all pig houses were
daily measured in both groups by
using the measuring machine
"Pocket Weather Tracker (Kestrel
4000)."
-
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
102
2.2.3 Application research of the E. coli
vaccines in preventing the diarrhoea
disease in pigs during 10 days of age
o Identification the cause of diarrhoea:
faecal samples were obtained from
suckling piglets with diarrhoea. All
samples were tested for the presence of
TGE, Rota, E. coli K99 by ELISA test;
E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium
perfringens by isolation and
confirmation tests; Cocci oocysts by
standard faecal flotation
o Safety and efficacy testing of vaccine
in a small scale trial: Pregnant sows
each received intramuscularly 2 ml of
vaccine (1st at 3-4 weeks before
farrowing; 2nd at 2-3 weeks before
farrowing).
o Piglets born from vaccinated and
unvaccinated sows were recorded for
the following data: piglets born alive,
stillbirths, mummies or (died before
parturition), deformities e.g. splay
legs, abortion, number of piglets with
diarrhoea (week 1, 2 3).
2.3.4 Evaluation of application efficiency in
the alignment of all solutions
o Economic efficiency: Analysis of
finance of each part and investment
efficiency, i.e., total cost / litter, total
income / litter and profits / litter.
Statistical analysis: The data was analysed
based on statistical method in biology using
the Minitab program version 13.0.
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Improvement of productivity of the
local MC pig by pure breeding
program
To assess the effectiveness of this work, we
compared the performance of the MC pigs
before and after pure breeding program. The
results are presented in Table 1.
The objective of the project is to increase the
litter size from 11 piglets before the pure
breeding program to 11.50 piglets after the
pure breeding program. However, the litter
size of 11.43 piglets was obtained in this study
which increases by only 0.33 piglet compared
to the litter size before the pure breeding
program. This limitation could be due to the
impact of the Blue Ear disease which has
affected the productivity of pigs. Although
statistically they are no significant difference
(P> 0.05), but in fact the litter size of MC pig
has been raised. Compared to the previous
reports, this result is higher than the result of
Nguyen Que Coi et al. (2005) and lower than
the results of Le Van Sang et al (2008) who
found that the litter size is 11.07 piglets and
11.92 piglets, respectively.
Table 1: Comparison of performance of the Mong Cai sow stock before and after the pure breeding
program
Criteria
Before After
n X SD n X SD
Litter size (piglet) 128 11.10a 1.77 193 11.43a 2.47
The number of piglets born alive/litter 128 10.73a 1.60 193 11.09a 2.50
Body weights at birth (kg) 128 6.23a 0.94 193 6.70a 1.74
Number of piglets to rear / litter (piglet) 128 10.17a 1.32 193 10.97b 2.22
Number of piglets weaned/ litter (piglet) 128 9.87a 1.22 193 10.81b 2.11
Weaning weight (kg) 128 57.67 12.76 193 53.74 14.71
Weaning time (day) 128 42.50 5.37 193 37.24 8.41
a,b: P <0.05; 0.01
CARD 004/05 VIE – Improvement of pig production in Central Vietnam
103
Figures 1&2. High performance Pure Mong Cai replacement gilts approaching target weight to be
artificially inseminated with exotic boar semen
Litter size is important criteria in the breeding
sow production. The number of piglets born
alive/litter has increased from 10.73 before the
pure breeding program to 11.09 piglets after
the pure breeding program. This increase was
not significant difference (P > 0.05). This
study is in agreement with the finding of 11.03
piglets reported by Tuyen et al. (2008) but
higher than the report of 10.12 piglets in the
study of Tiep et al. (2009).
Number of piglets to rear/litter highly depends
on the number of piglets born alive/litter and
the quality of piglets born. The difference on
the number of piglets to rear/litter between
before and after the pure breeding program
(10.17 and 10.97 piglets, respectively) is
statistically significant (P <0.05).
The number of piglets weaned is the most
important criterion for assessing the
productivity of sows. Results showed that the
number of piglets weaned found after pure
breeding program is very high compared to
that before the program (10.81 piglets vs. 9.87
piglets). This finding is higher than the recent
reports of 9.54 and 9.61 piglets in the studies
of Sang et al. (2008) and Tuyen et al (2008),
respectively.
Body weight at birth is directly influenced by
the number of piglets born alive. Variation of
this indicator before and after the program is
6.23 kg and 6.70 kg, respectively (P> 0, 05).
This result is higher than the report of Thien et
al (1999) who reported that the body weight at
birth is 6.09 kg.
Weaning weight/litter of the two groups before
and after the program is 57.67 kg and 53.74
kg, respectively. This difference is essentially
due to differences in weaning time (42.50 and
37.24 days, respectively) but not statistically
significant (P> 0.05). The weaning weight is
highly influenced by the number of piglets
weaned and the weaning time. This result is in
agreement with results of Thien et al (1999)
who reported that the weaning weight varied
from 51.10 kg to 54.77 kg.
Comments: The above results show that the
pure breeding program between MC pig
groups to improve genetics of the local MC
has brought great efficiency. Reproductive
performance of sows has increased. Although
it is not statistically significant (P> 0.05), in
terms of practical production, this rise is
extremely important. Specially, increase in the
number of piglets weaned is significantly
different (P <0.05).
3.2 Effect of house type and nestbox on
reproductive performance of sows
and growth of piglets
3.2.1 Effect of house type on reproductive
performance of sows
The environmental factors in the house
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
104
Table 2. Temperature, humidity and wind speed in the new and old house type
Factor
n Old house type New house type
X ± SD X ± SD
Temperature (0C) Temperature 30 22.19
a ± 4.51 25.62b ± 2.72
Heating index (HI) 30 19.58a ± 5.51 23.2b ± 2.07
Humidity (%) 30 89,9
a ± 7.13 81.9b ± 5.04
Wind speed (m/second) 30 0.1 0.2
a,b: P<0.05; 0.01
Temperature, HI and humidity of the new
house type and old house type are significantly
different (P <0.05). This indicates that
improvement of the house results in lower
temperature and more ventilation in the house.
The impact of house types to the
reproductive performance of sows
Table 3 shows that although the number of
piglets born live/litter between the two types of
new and old house is not statistically different,
there is significant increase (P <0.001) in
number of piglets weaned /litter of the type
raised in the new house, suggesting that this
indicator has been enhanced by improvements
of micro-climates in the new house style while
using the box for piglet learn how to eat and
heat lamps for piglets. Our results are lower
than the findings of some authors such as
Duyet (2006) and Duong (1999). The reason
could be due to the influence of blue ear
disease occurred in the areas.
Table 3. Productivity of sows raised in the new house type and the old house type
Criteria n (litter)
New house type New house type
X ± SD X ± SD
The number of piglets born alive/litter 12 10.47 ± 1.53 11.12 ± 2.57
The number of piglets weaned /litter 12 8.2 ± 2.16a 9.25 ± 1.22b
Weight gain per day (g/day) 12 107 ± 15.42a 126.25 ± 19.50b
Disease infected (n) 12 2.53 ± 1.33 1.33 ± 1.75
a,b: P<0.05; 0.01
Fig 3. Old house type. Bedding was manually
removed using brooms
Fig 4. New house type with more ventilation
CARD 004/05 VIE – Improvement of pig production in Central Vietnam
105
There is significant differences (P <0.01) on
weight gain per day before weaning of piglets
in the two groups of sows which are kept in
two types of house (107 g/day in an old house
compared to 126.25 g /day in the new house
style). Number of litter have infected the
Diarrhea disease between two types of houses
are different but there is no statistically
significant.
However, during experiment, it is very cold
and this hard weather is longer than the
previous years. In the new house, piglets were
kept in house with better climate temperature
and humidity.
3.2.2 Effect of nestbox on reproductive
performance of sows and growth of
piglets
Table 4. Temperature, humidity and heat index of the control and experimental group
Indicator Unit
Control
(n = 10)
Experiment
(n = 10) P
μ ± SE μ ± SE
Temperature
Morning oC 24.7 ± 0.51 26.0 ± 0.14 0.02
Noon oC 27.5 ± 0.12 28.4 ± 0.14 0.01
Afternoon oC 25.6 ± 0.11 26.8 ± 0.12 0.01
Humidity Morning % 92.0 ± 0.13 88.5 ± 0.59 0.01
Noon % 83.9 ± 0.24 80.1 ± 0.34 0.01
Afternoon % 89.0 ± 0.15 85.8 ± 0.29 0.01
Heat index (HI)
Morning oC 27.3 ± 0.18 28.8 ± 0.24 0.01
Noon oC 35.1 ± 1.37 34.1 ± 0.35 0.63
Afternoon oC 29.9 ± 0.23 32.6 ± 1.56 0.02
The results in Table 4 indicates that the
nestbox significantly improves environment
for the newborn piglets (P<0.01). In the cold
and wet winter in the central areas (the
experimental group was kept in warmer
temperature, lower humidity which is more
suitable for the piglets than the control group).
In order to assess influence of nestbox on
reproductive performance of the MC sow kept
in the smallholder farmers, we monitored the
reproduction criteria of the sows. The results
are presented in Table 5.
Fig 5&6. Suckling piglets warding off winter ‘chill’ in a creep box
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
106
Table 5. Reproductive performance of the MC sows in the control and experimental groups
No Criteria Unit Control
(µ±SE)
Experiment
(µ±SE)
P
1 Litter size piglet/ litter 10.5±0.48 11.6±0.40 0.87
2 Number of piglet weaned piglet/ litter 9.80±0.20 10.8±0.39 0.03
3 Body weight at birth/piglet Kg 0.68±0.01 0.68±0.01 1.0
4 Weaning weight/piglet Kg 7.07±0.09 8.30±0.07 0.01
8 Total weaning weight Kg /litter 69.3±1.78 88.9±2.72 0.01
9 Feed consumption to produce 1kg of
weaning piglet
Kg TA/kg LW 5.38±0.11 4.31±0.09 0.01
Table 5 shows that the litter size and weight at
birth is no difference between the two groups
(P> 0.05), but number of piglets weaned,
weaning weight and feed consumption to
produce one kg of weaned pigs have
significant differences between two groups (p
<0.05 - 0.01).
That means the use of nestbox for the piglet at
the newborn period have provided a favorable
environment for piglets (avoiding heat stress
after birth for piglets, providing warm and dry
environment for newborn piglet which results
in the lowest heat loss of piglets). Farrowed
sow are cool and increase intake, milk
production as well as improve the economic
efficiency.
Comments: The new house type designed by
the CARD project improves productivity of the
MC sows. Their separation from the house of
the farmers contributes to reduce
environmental pollution.
Use of nestbox prevents heat stress for the
piglets after birth (dry clean, warm, low
humidity), health promotion and growth rate
for pigs nursing. In addition, different
requirement on temperature between farrowed
sows and piglets are solved.
3.3 Application of E. coli vaccine for the
control of colibacillosis in suckling
pigs
Results of investigation on some of the most
common pathogens causing diarrhoea in
piglets in Quang Tri and Thua Thien - Hue
before vaccine trial are shown in Table 6. It is
shown that: Rota and TGE viruses are among
the most common pathogens (78.16% and
65.52%); next by parasites (Isospora suis
28.84%, Cryptospridium 14.94%) and bacteria
(E. coli 35.63%, C. perfringens 12.64%).
These findings are in consistent with some
previous reports (Do et al, 2006).
Table 6. Results on detection of some most
common pathogens
Pathogen
Result
No. of positive
samples/Total %
Rotavirus 68 78.16
TGE virus 57 65.52
Isospora suis 25 28.84
Cryptospridium 13 14.94
E. coli 31 35.63
C. perfringens 11 12.64
Results on health status of piglets born from
vaccinated and non-vaccinated sows are shown
in Table 7.
Duyen T.T.B., Darren T., Do N.T. & Linh N.Q.
107
Table 7. Recorded criteria from vaccinated and unvaccinated sows
Criteria
Vaccinated group
(n=159)
Control (Unvaccinated)
group (n=14)
Piglets born alive (piglets/sow) 11.31 10.51
Stillbirths (piglets/sow) 0.19 0.37
Mummies (piglets/sow) 0.09 0.14
Deformities e.g. splay legs (piglets/sow) 0.02 0.15
Abortion (piglets/sow) 0 0.001
Prevalence of diarrhoea (%):
- Week 1:
- Week 2:
- Week 3:
16.1
22.7
26.5
48.1
33.8
37.5
It is shown that there are significant
differences on the numbers of piglets born
alive, stillbirths, mummies or (died before
parturition), deformities e.g. splay legs,
abortion between the two groups (P<0.05).
Particularly, the prevalence of diarrhoea
piglets among the first 3 weeks of life was
lower in vaccinated group compared to control
group (P<0.05).
Results on examination of faecal samples from
diarrhoea piglets born from vaccinated and
unvaccinated (control) sows, once