Đề tài Study on economics and socioeconomics of small scale mango farming and cooperatives in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
The average population growth rate in Vietnam in the early 1990’s was 3.5%, but it is now slowing to 1.35%. This may be due several factors; a decreasedin fertility rates and better education provided to the ethnic minority groups who traditionally had large families and an increase in living standards. The Mekong Delta population growth rate is 2%, 0.65% above the average for Vietnam. The implementation of “doi moi” and poverty reduction policies by the Vietnamese Government have made significant progress in reducing poverty. The average poverty rate in Vietnam is now 19%. The poverty rate in the Mekong Delta is still at 13.3% with a further 20% of households living just above the poverty line. This economic recession could see a change in poverty rates, people are migrating from the cities back to their families in the country due to a downturn in employment opportunities. The Mekong Delta Economic Cooperation stated that the Mekong Delta provides90% of rice exports, 70% of fruit production and 60% of aquatic products exported from Vietnam. Therefore, whenever people mention to the Mekong Delta, they usually mention its advantages. People usually consider the Mekong Delta region as a "rich food but poor knowledge" region. Education and training of people is low. For example, the number of regional students studying in the vocational schools is at the lowest rate. Because of its low intellectual standard, compared with the whole country, the Mekong Delta has not reached its full potential and regional agricultural production is unsustainable and the poverty rate will increase if this continues. Farmers with higher education levels appear to be able to understand problems and apply new technologies to solve those problems, whilst farmers with lower education levels implement traditional farming practices and hope the problems that they face will be solved by someone else. About 40% of the Mekong Delta is affected by acid sulphate soils (ASS). Disturbance of ASS through land clearance, drainage, tillage and mounding can cause acid runoffs into the aquatic and marine environment, either killing fish or increasing the incidence of disease in the marine population. Saline soils also present further constraints to agricultural development and are located primarily in the coastal zone. Development of new, and re-establishment of existing orchards will require soil to be either moved or disturbed, and a management plan will be needed to eliminate the runoff of acid or nutrients trapped in the soil into the environment Good farm and orchard design is essential to ensure any water, fertiliser, chemicals and soil runoff is trapped on farm. This is an essential element of GAP. This element is often overlooked or neglected due to the cost of re-establishing an orchard or loss of viable producing area to ensure the environment is protected. There are no incentives or subsidies and farmers are forced to provide these costs out their own pocket, reducing their viability even though there are wider social, ecological and environmental benefits, such as reduced incidences of contractible diseases, cleaner environment, fewer pollutants and a healthier life for the community from such practices.
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CARD PROJECT 050/040 VIE
Improvement of export and domestic markets for
Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and
supply chain management
Study on economics and socioeconomics
of small scale mango farming and
cooperatives in the Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam.
By Mr Robert Nissen1, Mr Nguyen Duy Duc2, Ms San Tram Anh2, Ms Tran Thi Kim Oanh2, Ms.
Tran Thi Ngoc Diep2, Mr Vu Cong Khanh2, Mr Ngo Van Binh2, Mr Le Minh Hung2, Mr Tran Ngoc
Linh2, Dr. Nguyen Minh Chau3, Mr Doan Huu Tien3, Mr Ta Minh Tuan3, Dr. Le Thi Hong3, Dr
Nguyen Thi Nhat Hang3, Dr. Ian Russel4, & Dr. Marlo Rankin4.
1 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) , Maroochy Research Station,
PO Box 5083 SCMC, Queensland, Australia, 4560.
2 Southern Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP), 54 Tran
Khanh Du Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
3 Southern Horticulture Research Institute (SHRI) formerly known as the Southern Fruit Research
Institute (SOFRI), Long Dinh-Chau Thanh, P0 Box 203 My Tho Tien Giang, Vietnam.
4University of Queensland, Gatton College, School of Natural and Rural Systems Management, Gatton
Campus, Lawes Queensland, 4343, Australia.
CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management
By R.J. Nissen et.al. March 2009. Page i
© The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries 2008.
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CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management
By R.J. Nissen et.al. March 2009. Page ii
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY........................................................................................... 5
STUDY TEAM ......................................................................................................................... 5
METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 6
SECTION 1 RESULTS:- SOCIOECONOMIC COMPONENTS OF VIETNAM............ 7
POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS .................................................................................................. 7
Demographics of Vietnam.................................................................................................. 7
Demographics In The Major Cities of Vietnam ................................................................. 8
Demographics In The Two Major Regions of Vietnam...................................................... 9
Demographics and Rural Women ...................................................................................... 9
Demographics of CARD Project Trainers, Trainees and Workshop Attendees and
Information Obtained on The Role of Women in The Vietnamese Farming Society ......... 9
CARD Project Team ................................................................................................................. 10
CARD Project Trainees............................................................................................................. 10
Demographics of Workshops this CARD Project Conducted .................................................... 11
DEPENDENCY RATES ............................................................................................................. 11
FERTILITY RATES................................................................................................................... 11
MORTALITY RATES................................................................................................................ 12
HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE .................................................................................................. 12
Smoking ............................................................................................................................ 12
EDUCATION........................................................................................................................... 13
Education and effects on CARD Project Conducted ................................................................. 14
POST AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS .............................................................................. 15
AGRICULTURAL NETWORKS.................................................................................................. 16
BANKING MARKETPLACE AND AGRO-FORESTRY PROCESSING FACILITIES. .......................... 16
Banking............................................................................................................................. 16
SOCIAL POLICIES IN RURAL AREAS....................................................................................... 16
LABOUR ................................................................................................................................ 17
Rural labour force............................................................................................................ 17
ECONOMY ............................................................................................................................. 19
Economic Effects on CARD Project Conducted .............................................................. 20
TAXES ................................................................................................................................... 21
INCOME ................................................................................................................................. 21
EXPENDITURE........................................................................................................................ 23
RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE...................................................................................................... 23
Electricity ......................................................................................................................... 23
Roads................................................................................................................................ 24
CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................... 24
LAND..................................................................................................................................... 24
Farm land policy and farm development ......................................................................... 26
Some land use laws on farm size and period of use ......................................................... 27
Soil Implication in the CARD Project......................................................................................... 28
CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management
By R.J. Nissen et.al. March 2009. Page iii
WATER.................................................................................................................................. 28
Rural water supply ........................................................................................................... 28
Irrigation and Water Management Practices and Implication for the CARD Project.................. 29
Environmental Implications for CARD Project ............................................................... 29
Agricultural Chemical Usage..................................................................................................... 30
SECTION 2 A:- ASSUMAPTION FOR THE SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
THE CAT HO LOC MANGO SUPPLY CHAINS ............................................................. 31
MANGO VIETNAM ................................................................................................................. 31
Assumptions...................................................................................................................... 31
SECTION 2 (B):- RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES OF CAT HOA LOC MANGO
SUPPY CHAINS IN THE MEKONG DELTA OF VIETNAM. ....................................... 35
FAMILY HOUSEHOLD OR FARM ORCHARD ............................................................................ 35
GROSS YIELD & MARKETABLE YIELD .................................................................................. 35
FAMER LEVEL....................................................................................................................... 35
Farm Production ....................................................................................................................... 35
Marketable Fruit & Baskets per hectare.......................................................................... 35
Farm Revenue .................................................................................................................. 36
Farm Variable Expenses .................................................................................................. 37
Farm Total Growing Expenses ........................................................................................ 38
Farm Total Variable Costs............................................................................................... 39
Farm Gross Margins........................................................................................................ 39
Farm Fixed Costs ............................................................................................................. 40
Farm Total Fixed Costs.................................................................................................... 40
Farm Break Even Point.................................................................................................... 41
Farm Net Returns ............................................................................................................. 41
COLLECTOR........................................................................................................................... 42
Volume Handled by Collector ................................................................................................... 42
Collector Product Purchase Costs ................................................................................... 42
Collector Product Sale Price ........................................................................................... 43
Collector Variable Costs.................................................................................................. 43
Collector Gross Margins.................................................................................................. 45
Collector Fixed Costs....................................................................................................... 45
Collector Capital Costs .................................................................................................... 46
Collector Total Fixed Costs ............................................................................................. 46
Collector Break Even Point.............................................................................................. 46
Collector Net Returns....................................................................................................... 47
WHOLESALER:- LOCAL MARKET ........................................................................................... 48
Volume Handled by Wholesaler ....................................................................................... 48
Local Wholesaler Product Purchase Costs...................................................................... 48
Local Wholesaler Product Sale Price .............................................................................. 48
Local Wholesaler Variable Costs..................................................................................... 49
Local Wholesaler Gross Margins .................................................................................... 50
Local Wholesaler Fixed Costs.......................................................................................... 50
Local Wholesaler Capital Costs....................................................................................... 51
Local Wholesaler Total Fixed Costs ................................................................................ 51
Local Wholesaler Break Even Point ................................................................................ 51
Local Wholesaler Net Returns.......................................................................................... 52
COOPERATIVE ....................................................................................................................... 53
Volume Handled by Cooperative .............................................................................................. 53
CARD Project 050/04 VIE Improvement of Vietnamese fruit through improved post-harvest and supply chain management
By R.J. Nissen et.al. March 2009. Page iv
Cooperative Product Purchase Costs .............................................................................. 54
Cooperative Product Sale Price....................................................................................... 55
Cooperative Variable Costs ............................................................................................. 56
Cooperative Gross Margins ............................................................................................. 57
Cooperative Fixed Costs .................................................................................................. 57
Cooperative Capital Costs ............................................................................................... 58
Cooperative Total Fixed Costs......................................................................................... 59
Cooperative Break Even Point ......................................................................................... 59
Cooperative Net Returns .................................................................................................. 60
WHOLESALER:- HO CHI MINH CITY ..................................................................................... 61
Volume Handled by Wholesaler (HCMC)........................................................................ 61
Wholesaler (HCMC) Product Purchase Costs................................................................. 61
Wholesaler (HCMC) Product Sale Price ......................................................................... 61
Wholesaler (HCMC) Variable Costs................................................................................ 62
Wholesaler (HCMC) Gross Margins ............................................................................... 63
Wholesaler (HCMC) Fixed Costs .................................................................................... 63
Wholesaler (HCMC) Capital Costs.................................................................................. 64
Wholesaler (HCMC) Total Fixed Costs ........................................................................... 64
Wholesaler (HCMC) Break Even Point ........................................................................... 64
Wholesaler (HCMC) Net Returns .................................................................................... 65
RETAILER (FRUIT SHOP)........................................................................................................ 66
Volume handled by Retailer ............................................................................................. 66
Retailer Purchase Price ................................................................................................... 66
Retailer Product Sale Price.............................................................................................. 67
Retailer ariable Costs....................................................................................................... 67
Retailer Gross Margins.................................................................................................... 68
Retailer Fixed Costs ......................................................................................................... 69
Retailer Infrastructure Costs............................................................................................ 70
Retailer Total Fixed Costs................................................................................................ 70
Retailer Break Even Point................................................................................................ 70
Retailer Net Returns ......................................................................................................... 70
SECTION 2 (C):- COMPARISON OF THE SUPPLY/VALUE CHAINS AT THE FARMER LEVEL........ 71
Traditional Supply/Value Chain (Farmer Supplies to Local Markets Only through
Collector) ......................................................................................................................... 71
Revenue ............................................................................................................................ 71
Net Returns....................................................................................................................... 72
Traditional Supply/Value Chains whre Farmers have developed new markets in HCMC
for Extra Class and Class 1 fruit (Tet Holiday and HCMC). .......................................... 73
Revenue ............................................................................................................................ 74
Net Returns....................................................................................................................... 74
New GAP and Supply/Value Chains with New markets developed in HCMC for Class 1
fruit (Tet Holiday and HCMC)......................................................................................... 75
Revenue ............................................................................................................................ 76
Net Returns....................................................................................................................... 76
New Improved GAP Management by Cat Hoa Loc Mango Group / Cooperative based
Best Practice Standards for Metro Supply Chain ............................................................ 77
Revenue ..............................
