Javascript là một ngôn ngữ lập trình phía trình duyệt xử lý có động cơ được nhúng vào trong các trình duyệt web như Internet Explorer, Netscape, trình duyệt Firefox, vv Điều này cho phép xử lý các động cơ để đọc và lĩnh hội các trang web có chứa các mã javascript khi duyệt qua.
Javascript làm một xuất hiện đầu tiên vào năm 1995, mặc dù thời điểm đó của nó đã được biết đến như là Livescript. Tên gọi này sau đó đã được thay đổi để javascript.
Javascript invented đã được thêm vào nhiều tính năng thú vị để các trang HTML. HTML trên nó trên là khá boring và nó có thể không phải làm nhiều ngoài việc hiển thị một trang web. Javascript lập trình, mặt khác, có thể cung cấp một máy chủ của các tính năng hấp dẫn như thực hiện các phép tính, cho phép người sử dụng tương tác với các trang web, thực hiện các hình thức validations, yếu tố thao tác trên một trang web, cung cấp các hiệu ứng thị giác tuyệt vời, năng động, cho phép chức năng và còn nhiều hơn nữa.
Tất cả điều này cung cấp cho người sử dụng cho trang web với một người sử dụng nâng cao kinh nghiệm. Bởi vì javascript là một ngôn ngữ phía trình duyệt, tất cả các tính năng này có sẵn trong thời gian thực mà không cần có trình duyệt để tham khảo các máy chủ tất cả các thời điểm nào. Điều này tránh sự chậm trễ thời gian và tăng sự hài lòng của người sử dụng.
Bạn có thể làm gì với chương trình javascript:
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JavaScript Step by Step,
Second Edition
Steve Suehring
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Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by:
O’Reilly Media, Inc.
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Copyright © 2010 Steve Suehring
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978-0-735-64552-3
To Chris
—Steve Suehring
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v
Contents at a Glance
Part I JavaWhat? The Where, Why, and How of JavaScript
1 JavaScript Is More Than You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Developing in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 JavaScript Syntax and Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4 Working with Variables and Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5 Using Operators and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Part II Applying JavaScript
6 Controlling Flow with Conditionals and Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7 Working with Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8 Objects in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9 The Browser Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Part III Integrating JavaScript into Design
10 The Document Object Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
11 JavaScript Events and the Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
12 Creating and Consuming Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
13 Working with Images in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
14 Using JavaScript with Web Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
15 JavaScript and CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
16 JavaScript Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Part IV AJAX and Server-Side Integration
17 JavaScript and XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
18 JavaScript Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
19 A Touch of AJAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
20 A Bit Deeper into AJAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
vi Contents at a Glance
Part V jQuery
21 An Introduction to JavaScript Libraries and Frameworks . . . . . 383
22 An Introduction to jQuery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
23 jQuery Effects and Plug-Ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
vii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Introducing JavaScript Step by Step, Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Part I JavaWhat? The Where, Why, and How of JavaScript
1 JavaScript Is More Than You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A Brief History of JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Enter Internet Explorer 3 .0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
And Then Came ECMAScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
So Many Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
What’s in a JavaScript Program? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
JavaScript Placement on Your Webpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
What JavaScript Can Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
What JavaScript Can’t Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
JavaScript Can’t Be Forced on a Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
JavaScript Can’t Guarantee Data Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
JavaScript Can’t Cross Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
JavaScript Doesn’t Do Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tips for Using JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Where JavaScript Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Which Browsers Should the Site Support? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
What’s New in ECMAScript Version 5? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
New Array Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
New Controls on Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
New JSON Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Changes to the Date Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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viii Table of Contents
A New Strict Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Browser Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Developing in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
JavaScript Development Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Configuring Your Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Writing JavaScript with Visual Studio 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Your First Web (and JavaScript) Project with Visual Studio 2010 . . . . . . . 24
Using External JavaScript Files with Visual Studio 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Writing JavaScript with Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Your First Web (and JavaScript) Project with Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Using External JavaScript Files with Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Writing JavaScript Without an IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Your First Web (and JavaScript) Project with Notepad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Using External JavaScript Files Without an IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Debugging JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 JavaScript Syntax and Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
A Bit of Housekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
White Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Semicolons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Line Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Placing JavaScript Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
JavaScript Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
What’s in a Statement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The Two Types of JavaScript Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Reserved Words in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A Quick Look at Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
JavaScript’s New Strict Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table of Contents ix
4 Working with Variables and Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Data Types in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Working with Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Booleans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Undefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Defining and Using Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Declaring Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Variable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Variable Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
The Date Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Using the RegExp Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Syntax of Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
References and Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Learning About Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Number Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
String Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Boolean Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5 Using Operators and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Meet the Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Additive Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Multiplicative Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Bitwise Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Equality Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
The in Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The instanceof Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Incrementing and Decrementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Converting to a Number with the Plus Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Creating a Negative Number with the Minus Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Negating with bitwise not and logical not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
x Table of Contents
Using the delete Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Returning Variable Types with the typeof Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
The void Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Comma Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Part II Applying JavaScript
6 Controlling Flow with Conditionals and Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
If (and How) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Syntax for if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The prompt() Function in Internet Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Compound Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Using else if and else Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Working with Ternary Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Testing with switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Looping with while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The while Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The do...while Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Using for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The for...in Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
The for each...in Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Validating Forms with Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7 Working with Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
What’s in a Function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Function Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Variable Scoping Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Return Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
More on Calling Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Anonymous/Unnamed Functions (Function Literals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
A Look at Dialog Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Table of Contents xi
8 Objects in JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Object-Oriented Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .