The technique we adopt is the solution for the function Minkowski problem
on W 1,p(Rn) established by Lutwak, Yang and Zhang [8]. This technique plays a fundamental
role in the newly emerged affine Sobolev inequalities (see, e.g., [6, 8, 9]). The importance of this
technique is that it convert analytic inequalities to geometry inequalities. Note that the geometry
behind the sharp Lp Sobolev inequality is the isoperimetric inequality, while the affine Lp Sobolev
inequality is equivalent to the Lp Petty projection inequality established in [10, 11].
6 trang |
Chia sẻ: thanhle95 | Lượt xem: 252 | Lượt tải: 0
Bạn đang xem nội dung tài liệu Addition some inequality of volumes mixed in geometry, để tải tài liệu về máy bạn click vào nút DOWNLOAD ở trên
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI: 10.18173/2354-1059.2015-0026
Mathematical and Physical Sci., 2015, Vol. 60, No. 7, pp. 15-20
This paper is available online at
ADDITION SOME INEQUALITY OF VOLUMES MIXED IN GEOMETRY
Lai Duc Nam
Yen Bai Teacher’s Training College, Yen Bai
Abstract. The issue norms for all volume preserving affine transformations for optimal
Sobolev is always been interested in research. In this paper, we present some results of
inequalities of volume mixed in geometry.
Keywords: Lp Sobolev inequality, geometry inequalities.
1. Introduction
The classical sharp Lp Sobolev inequality states that if f ∈ W 1,p(Rn), with
real p satisfying 1 ≤ p < n, then
‖∇f‖p ≥ αn,p‖f‖ np
n−p
(1.1)
where ‖ · ‖q denotes the usual Lq norm for functions on Rn. The optimal constants αn,p in this
inequality are due to Federer and Fleming [1] for p = 1 and to Aubin [2] for 1 < p < n. For
strengthened versions of (1.1), see, e.g. [3, 4, 5] and the references therein.
Recently, Zhang [6] (for p = 1) and Lutwak, Yang, and Zhang [7] (for 1 < p < n)
formulated and proved a sharp affine Lp Sobolev inequality. This remarkable inequality is invariant
under all affine transformations of Rn, while the classical Lp Sobolev inequality (1.1) is invariant
only under rigid motions.
In the affine Lp Sobolev inequality the Lp norm of the Euclidean length of the gradient is
replaced by an affine invariant of functions, the Lp affine energy, defined, for f ∈W 1,p(Rn), by
Ep(f) = cn,p
(∫
Sn−1
‖Duf‖−np du
)−1/n
(1.2)
where cn,p = (nκn)1/n(
nκnκp−1
2κn+p−2
)1/p with κn = πn/2/Γ(1 +
n
2 ) and Duf is the directional
derivative of f in the direction u.
The sharp affine Lp Sobolev inequality of Zhang [6] and Lutwak, Yang, and Zhang [7]
states that if f ∈W 1,p(Rn), 1 ≤ p < n, then
Ep(f) ≥ αn,p‖f‖ np
n−p
Received October 10, 2015. Accepted November 30, 2015.
Contact Lai Duc Nam, e-mail address: nam.laiduc@gmail.com
15
Lai Duc Nam
It is shown in [7;33] that
‖∇f‖p ≥ Ep(f). (1.3)
Hence the sharp affine Lp Sobolev inequality (1.2) is stronger than the classical affine Lp Sobolev
inequality (1.1). We emphasize the remarkable and important fact that Ep(f) is invariant under
volume preserving affine transformations on Rn. In contrast, ‖∇f‖p is invariant only under rigid
motions.
We also show a reverse inequality of (1.3), there exist a T˜p ∈ SL(n) such that
cp‖∇(f ◦ T˜p)‖p ≤ Ep(f),
where cp is a constant only depending on p.
The technique we adopt is the solution for the function Minkowski problem
on W 1,p(Rn) established by Lutwak, Yang and Zhang [8]. This technique plays a fundamental
role in the newly emerged affine Sobolev inequalities (see, e.g., [6, 8, 9]). The importance of this
technique is that it convert analytic inequalities to geometry inequalities. Note that the geometry
behind the sharp Lp Sobolev inequality is the isoperimetric inequality, while the affine Lp Sobolev
inequality is equivalent to the Lp Petty projection inequality established in [10, 11].
2. Notations and preliminaries
We work in Rn, which is equipped with a Euclidean structure x · y for x, y ∈ Rn. We
write Bn2 for the Euclidean unit ball and S
n−1 for the unit sphere.
A convex body is a compact convex set in Rn which is throughout assumed to contain the
origin in its interior. We denote by Kno the space of convex bodies equipped with the Hausdorff
metric. Each convex bodyK is uniquely determined by its support function hK = h(K, ·) : Rn →
R defined by
hK(x) = h(K,x) := max{x · y : y ∈ K}.
Let ‖ · ‖K : Rn → [0,∞) denote the Minkowski functional of K ∈ Kno ; i.e., ‖x‖K = min{λ ≥
0 : x ∈ λK}.
The polar set K∗ ofK ∈ Kno is the convex body defined by
K∗ = {x ∈ Rn : x · y ≤ 1 for all y ∈ K}.
If K ∈ Kno , then it follows from the definitions of support functions and Minkowski functionals,
and the definition of polar body, that
h(K∗, ·) = ‖ · ‖K .
For p ≥ 1,K,L ∈ Kno , the Lp Minkowski combination K +p L is the convex body defined
by
h(K +p L, ·)p = h(K, ·)p + h(L, ·)p.
Introduced by Firey in the 1960’s, this notion is the basis of what has become known as
the Lp Brunn-Minkowski theory (or the Brunn-Minkowski-Firey theory).
16
Addition some inequality of volumes mixed in geometry
The Lp mixed volume Vp(K,L) of K,L ∈ Kno is defined in [12] by
Vp(K,L) =
p
n
lim
ε→0+
V (K +p ε
1
pL)− V (K)
ε
.
In particular,
Vp(K,K) = V (K)
for every convex body K .
It was shown in [12] that corresponding to each convex body K ∈ Kno , there is a positive
Borel measure on Sn−1, the Lp surface area measure Sp(K, ·) ofK , such that for every L ∈ Kno ,
Vp(K,L) =
1
n
∫
Sn−1
hpL(u)dSp(K,u).
The measure S1(K, ·) is just the surface area measure ofK . Recall that for a Borel set ω ⊂ Sn−1,
the surface area measure S(K,ω) is the (n − 1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure of the set of
all boundary points of K for which there exists a normal vector of K belonging to ω. Moreover,
the Lp surface area measure is absolutely continuous with respect to S(K, ·):
dSp(K,u) = hK(u)
1−pdS(K,u) u ∈ Sn−1.
Note that
Sp(tK, ·) = tn−pSp(K, ·) (2.1)
for all t > 0 and convex bodies K .
3. Proof of main results
Following the definition of Lutwak, Yang and Zhang [8], we define the
normalized Lp projection body Π˜pK ofK by
h(Π˜pK,u)
p =
1
V (K)
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|pdSp(K, v). (3.1)
Theorem 3.1. LetK ∈ Kno and p ≥ 1, then
V (Π˜∗pK) ≥ κn
(nκp−1κnV (K)
2κn+p−2Sp(K)
)n
p
.
Proof. Using (3.1), the polar coordinate formula for volume, Ho¨lder inequality and Fubini
17
Lai Duc Nam
theorem, we obtain
V (Π˜∗pK) =
1
n
∫
Sn−1
h(Π˜pK,u)
−ndu
≥ κ1+
n
p
n
( 1
n
∫
Sn−1
h(Π˜pK,u)
pdu
)−n
p
= κ
1+n
p
n
( 1
nV (K)
∫
Sn−1
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|pdSp(K, v)du
)−n
p
= κ
1+n
p
n
( 1
nV (K)
∫
Sn−1
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|pdudSp(K, v)
)−n
p
= κ
1+n
p
n
( 2κn+p−2
nκp−1V (K)
∫
Sn−1
dSp(K, v)
)−n
p
= κn
(nκp−1κnV (K)
2κn+p−2Sp(K)
)n
p
Theorem 3.2. LetK ∈ Kno and p ≥ 1. If Sp(K, ·) is isotropic, then( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p ≤ h(Π˜pK,u) ≤ 1√
n
( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p
, 1 ≤ p ≤ 2,
and ( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p ≥ h(Π˜pK,u) ≥ 1√
n
( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p
, p ≥ 2,
for every u ∈ Sn−1.
Proof. For the case that p = 2, by the definition of the normalized Lp projection body (3.1), we
have
h(Π˜2K,u) =
√
S2(K)/nV (K).
For 1 ≤ p ≤ 2, by (3.1) and the Ho¨lder inequality, we obtain
h(Π˜pK,u) =
( 1
V (K)
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|pdSp(K, v)
) 1
p
≤
[( 1
V (K)
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|2dSp(K, v)
) p
2
Sp(K)
1− p
2
] 1
p
=
1√
n
( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p
for every u ∈ Sn−1. On the other hand, we have
h(Π˜pK,u) ≥
( 1
V (K)
∫
Sn−1
|u · v|2dSp(K, v)
) 1
p
=
( Sp(K)
nV (K)
) 1
p
for every u ∈ Sn−1. Similarly, we can get the result for p ≥ 2.
18
Addition some inequality of volumes mixed in geometry
In 2006, Lutwak, Yang and Zhang [8] proposed and proved the following functional
Minkowski problem onW 1,p(Rn).
Theorem 3.3. Given 1 ≤ p < ∞ and a function f ∈ W 1,p(Rn), there exists a unique
origin-symmetric convex body 〈f〉p that∫
Rn
Φ(−∇f(x))pdx = 1
V (〈f〉p)
∫
Sn−1
Φ(v)pdSp(〈f〉p, v), (3.2)
for every even continuous function Φ : Rn → [0,∞) that is homogeneous of degree 1.
Like the known result that the affine Lp Sobolev inequality implies the Lp Petty projection
inequality, we will show that our main theorems implies corresponding geometry theorems listed
in [13]. Similar to the proof of [14, Lemma 3], we show the following theorem.
Theorem 3.4. If K ∈ Kno and f = g(‖x‖K) with g ∈ C1(0,∞), then for p ≥ 1, 〈f〉p is a dilate
of K , that is
〈f〉p = c(f)−
1
p K˜
where c(f) =
∫∞
0 t
n−1|g′(t)|pdt and K˜ = K/|K|.
Proof. Since hK∗ is Lipschitz (and therefore differentiable almost everywhere) and hK∗(x) =
1 on ∂K , then for almost every x ∈ ∂K ,
νK(x) =
∇hK∗(x)
|∇hK∗(x)| ,
where νK(x) is the outer unit normal vector ofK at the point x.
Note that hK(∇hK∗(x)) = 1, for almost every x ∈ Rn. Hence we have
hK(νK(x)) =
1
|∇hKo(x)| . (3.3)
Then by (3.2), the co-area formula (see, e.g., [15;258]) applied to hK∗(·), the fact that ∇hK˜∗ is
homogeneous of degree 0 and (3.3), we get
1
V (〈f〉p)
∫
Sn−1
Φp(u)dSp(〈f〉p, u)
=
∫
Rn
Φp(∇f(x))dx
=
∫
Rn
Φp(g′(hK∗(x))∇hK∗(x)dx
=
∫ ∞
0
∫
∂K
tn−1|g′(t)|pΦp
( ∇hK∗(x)
|∇hK∗(x)|
)
|∇hKo(x)|p−1dHn−1(x)dt
=
∫ ∞
0
tn−1|g′(t)|pdt
∫
∂K
Φp(νK(x))hK(νK(x))
1−pdHn−1(x)
=
∫ ∞
0
tn−1|g′(t)|pdt
∫
Sn−1
Φp(u)dSp(K,u)
19
Lai Duc Nam
for every even continuous function Φ that is homogeneous of degree 1. Thus, the uniqueness of
the solution of the even Lp Minkowski problem [12] and (2.1) imply that
〈f〉p
V (〈f〉p)
1
n−p
= c(f)
1
n−pK,
and hence
〈f〉p = c(f)−
1
p K˜
where c(f) =
∫∞
0 t
n−1|g′(t)|pdt and K˜ = K/V (K)1/p.
REFERENCES
[1] H. Federer, W. Fleming, 1960. Normal and integral currents. Ann. Math. 72, 458-520.
[2] T. Aubin, 1976. Problèmes isopérimétriques et espaces de Sobolev. J. Differ. Geom. 11,
573-598.
[3] D. Cordero-Erausquin, D. Nazaret, C. Villani, 2004. A mass-transportation approach to
sharp Sobolev and Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities. Adv. Math. 182, 307-332.
[4] M. Del Pino, J. Dolbeault, 2002. Best constants for Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities and
applications to nonlinear diffusions. J. Math. Pures Appl. 81, 847-875.
[5] J. Xiao, 2007. The sharp Sobolev and isoperimetric inequalities split twice. Adv. Math. 211,
417-435.
[6] G. Zhang, 1999. The affine Sobolev inequality. J. Differential Geom. 53, 183-202.
[7] E. Lutwak, D. Yang, G. Zhang, 2002. Sharp affine Lp Sobolev inequalities. J. Differential
Geom. 62, 17-38.
[8] E. Lutwak, D. Yang, G. Zhang, 2006.Optimal Sobolev norms and the Lp Minkowski problem.
Int. Math. Res. Not. Art. ID 62987, 21 pp.
[9] D. Alonso-Gutierrez, J. Bastero, J. Bernués, 2012. Factoring Sobolev inequalities through
classes of functions. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 140, 3557-3566.
[10] S. Campi, P. Gronchi, 2002. The Lp-Busemann-Petty centroid inequality. Adv. Math. 167,
128-141.
[11] E. Lutwak, D. Yang, G. Zhang, 2000. Lp affine isoperimetric inequalities. J. Differential
Geom. 56, 111-132.
[12] E. Lutwak, 1993. The Brunn-Minkowski-Firey theory. I. Mixed volumes and the Minkowski
problem. J. Differential Geom. 38, 131-150.
[13] W. Yu, 2011. Isotropic p-surface area measure. Acta Math. Sci. Ser. A Chin. Ed. 31, 644-651.
[14] T. Wang, 2013. The affine Pólya-Szego¨ principle: Equality cases and stability. J. Funct. Anal.
265, 1728-1748.
[15] H. Federer, 1969. Geometric Measure Theory. Springer, Berlin.
20