Bài giảng môn Organizational Behavior - Chapter 6: Motivation

MotivationChapter 6Motivation DefinedA set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistenceWhat do you do?How hard do you do it?How long do you do it?Theories of MotivationSeveral theories attempt to summarize the key factors that foster high motivation:Expectancy theoryGoal setting theoryEquity theoryPsychological empowermentExpectancy TheoryMotivation is fostered when the employee believes three things:That effort will result in performanceThat performance will result in outcomesThat those outcomes will be valuableExpectancy TheoryExpectancyEffort → PerformanceCan be hindered by:Lack of necessary resourcesLack of supportive leadershipLow self-efficacyExpectancyInstrumentalityPerformance → OutcomesCan be hindered by:Poor methods for measuring performance, as Instrumentality could actually be rewritten to be Performance → Evaluation → OutcomesInadequate budget to provide outcomes, even when performance is highUse of policies that reward things besides performance, such as attendance or seniorityTime delays in doling out rewardsValenceAnticipated value of outcomesExtrinsicIntrinsicValenceValenceWhy does pay have such a high valence?The meaning of moneyAchievementRespectFreedomExpectancy TheoryMotivation = (E→P) x Σ[(P→O) x V]Key aspect: multiplicative effectsMotivation is zero if either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zeroGoal Setting TheoryMotivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goalsRather than no goals, easy goals, or “do your best” goalsGoal Setting TheoryGoal Setting TheoryEquity TheoryMotivation is maximized when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” to “inputs” matches those of some “comparison other”Thus motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employeesEquity TheoryAre these really equal?Equity TheoryWhat emotion do you feel in this case?What methods can be used to restore equity?Equity TheoryWhat emotion do you feel in this case?What methods can be used to restore equity?Psychological EmpowermentAn intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one’s work tasks are contributing to some larger purposeFostered by four beliefs:MeaningfulnessSelf-DeterminationCompetenceImpactHow Important is Motivation?Application