Abstract. From Paramignya trimera plants that were collected in the Hon Heo
Commune (Khanh Hoa Province, November 2013), n-hexane extracts of its stem
bark and leaves was obtained which showed moderate cytotoxic activity towards
KB, Hep-G2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89
µg/mL). A GC-MS analysis of the volatile plant components showed that esters,
saturated alcohols and sesquiterpenes, including β-farnesene and α-gurjunene, are
the major compounds.
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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE
Chemical and Biological Sci., 2014, Vol. 59, No. 9, pp. 11-16
This paper is available online at
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF Paramignya trimera (OLIV.) GUILLAUM PLANT
EXTRACTS AND THEIR VOLATILE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa1, Souknaly Thoumma1;2
Lam Thi Hai Yen1 and Pham Huu Dien1
1Faculty of Chemisty, Hanoi National University of Education
2Faculty of Education, National University of Laos
Abstract. From Paramignya trimera plants that were collected in the Hon Heo
Commune (Khanh Hoa Province, November 2013), n-hexane extracts of its stem
bark and leaves was obtained which showed moderate cytotoxic activity towards
KB, Hep-G2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89
g/mL). A GC-MS analysis of the volatile plant components showed that esters,
saturated alcohols and sesquiterpenes, including -farnesene and -gurjunene, are
the major compounds.
Keywords: Paramignya trimera, cytotoxicity, volatile compounds.
1. Introduction
The genus Paramignya, family Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, consists of
fifteen species and two subspecies that are scattered across S.E. Asia from India to
Indonesia and the Philippines [7]. Plants of the genus are a woody climber growing
at low or moderate altitudes and they are used as medicinal plants in many countries,
including Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. In Vietnam three species have been
found, P. amata, P. monophylla and P. trimera, all of which are widely distributed
from Da Nang to Khanh Hoa Province [1, 2]. P. trimera (Xao tam phan) was
recently reported to show hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activity towards the five
cancer cell lines: Hep-G2, HTC116, MDA MB231, DVCAR-8 and Hela [3]. Studies
on the chemical constituents of the genus Paramignya are very limited. Scientists
from Sri Lanka found that the fruit of P. monophylla contained triterpenes of the
tirucallane type, including flindissone, and four pyranocoumarins, including poncitrin and
nordentatin, are present in the stem bark [4, 5]. Three flavanone, one triterpene and one
Received June 27, 2014. Accepted November 27, 2014.
Contact Pham Huu Dien, e-mail address: dienph@hnue.edu.vn
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Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien
chromene derivatives were isolated from the stems of Paramignya griffithii [8]. Recently,
in Vietnam, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-7-hydroxy-2H-benzopyran-2-one was isolated
from the stem bark of P. trimerawhich showed moderate cytotoxic activity in vitro against
5 cancer cell lines [3]. In this paper we report on the cytotoxic activity of the extracts of P.
trimera plants that were collected in Hon Heo Commune (Khanh Hoa Province, November
2013) and their volatile chemical composition.
2. Content
2.1. Materials and methods
* Plant material
Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum plants was collected in Hon Heo Commune,
Khanh Hoa Province in November 2013 by Mr. Pham Huu Quang (Vietxopetro) and
identified by Dr. Do Huu Thu (Institute of Ecol. and Biol. Resources, VAST). A voucher
specimen (XTP-01) has been deposited in the Herbarium at the Faculty of Chemistry,
Hanoi University of Education, Vietnam.
* Plant volatile composition analysis
Leaves and stem bark (1.0 g each, separated) of Paramignya trimera were extracted
using ethyl acetate and were subjected to volatile composition analysis. A GC-MS of the
samples was carried out on a Hewlett Packard mass selective detector 5971 A and a gas
chromatograph 5890 Series II using a fused silica gel column coated with DB-17 (30 m
x 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 m) with He as the carrier gas (1 mL/min). The
temperature programming of the GC-MS analysis was performed at 50 ◦C, then at 50 -
250 ◦C at 4 ◦C /min and finally isothermal at 250 ◦C for 10 min.
* Cytotoxicity assay
An extract was made from dried Paramignya trimera stem bark powder (10 g)
alternating n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol (100 mL 3 each). An extract was made
from dried leaf powder using methanol in an ultrasonic bath. The solvent was removed to
give corresponding crude extracts. The crude extracts were tested against KB, Hep-G2, Lu
and MCF7 cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection according to the method
described in [6]. Cell lines were cultured in an RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with
10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) under standard conditions, sterile with 5% CO2, 37 ◦C,
98% humidity and harvested at log phase for assays. In this assay, 200 L volumes of
cells at the concentration of 3 104 cells mL−1 were inoculated into a 96-well plate
in an RPMI 1640 medium. The crude extracts were applied at final concentrations of
128, 32, 8, 2 and 0.5 L−1 and cultures were incubated for 3 days at 37 ◦C with
5% CO2. Then, 50 L of MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
bromide, prepared at 1 mg mL−1 in FBS, was added to the microculture well. After
4 h of incubation, 250 L of the supernatant was removed from each well and 100 L
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Cytotoxic activity of Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum plant extracts...
of DMSO was added and thoroughly mixed. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a
Genios TECAN spectrophotometer. The IC50 value was calculated based on percentage
of growth inhibition (ODcontrol-ODsample)/ODcontrol. Ellipticin was used as the reference
compound.
2.2. Results and discussion
2.2.1. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts
Table 1. Cytotoxic activity of Paramignya trimera plant extracts against KB,
Lu and MCF7 cell lines (IC50 value, g/mL)
No. Sample KB HepG2 Lu MCF7
1 SB-N 5.7 9.9 18.66 30.89
2 SB-E > 128 8.96 >128 71.31
3 SB-M > 128 > 128 > 128 > 128
4 L-E 57.4 > 128 > 128 > 128
Different extracts of the Paramignya trimera plants exhibited different cytotoxic
activity against the four cell lines (ellipticin was used as the control sample, see Table 1).
IC50 value of Ellipticin: 0.31 g/mL; SB means stem bark, L mean leaves,
N: -n-hexane, E:- ethyl acetate, M: - methanol extracts, respectively.
Table 1 shows that:
- The n-hexane extract from stem bark obtained a moderate cytotoxicity towards
four tested cancer cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89 g/mL).
- The ethyl acetate extracts from stem bark and leaves have a moderate cytotoxicity
towards Hep-G2, MCF7 and KB cancer cell lines (with IC50 values of 8.96, 71.31 and 57.4
g/mL, respectively). The methanol extracts from stem bark showed no activity towards
the four tested cancer cell lines.
2.2.2. Chemical constituents of the volatile composition
Figure 1. The GC-MS chromatogram of ethyl acetate extract of P. trimera stem bark
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Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien
Table 2. The volatile composition of P. trimera stem bark
Number Name Retention time (min) %
1
Hydro propyl
propanedioate
5.05 1.83
2 Butyl acetate 5.97 1.27
3 2-Ethylhexanol 10.52 8.55
4 p-Allylanisole 19.21 5.69
5 Tetradecane 21.18 1.11
6 -Guaiene 24.30 1.79
7 Aristolen 24.72 1.68
8 Dodecanol 25.44 1.87
9 -Gurjunene 26.73 21.11
10 Dimethyl o-phtalate 28.85 3.95
11 Ethyl p-ethoxybenzoate 29.27 1.19
12 Falcarinol 43.40 3.59
To obtain the volatile compounds from Paramignya trimera, the fresh stem bark and
leaves was extracted with ethyl acetate, separately. The ethyl acetate extracts were filtered
through a small glass column packed with silica gel to give a green oil, which was directly
analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS. The GC-MS chromatograms
were shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each component that appeared on GC-MS was identified
by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum with our library databases.
Table 2 describes the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of P.
trimera stem bark. Accordingly, three esters (butyl acetate, dimethyl o-phtalate and ethyl
p-ethoxybenzoate) together with two saturated alcohols (2-ethylhexanol and dodecanol)
were detected. However, they are only minor compounds. The remaining compounds are
sesquiterpenes, of which -gurjunene (21.11 %) is a major compound.
Figure 2. The GC-MS chromatogram of ethyl acetate extract of P. trimera leaves
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Cytotoxic activity of Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum plant extracts...
Table 3 describes the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of P. trimera
leaves. Beside esters, which were found in stem bark (see Table 2), some sesquiterpenes
were detected, -farnesene (25.03%), germacrene-D (10.55%) and -gurjunene (5.11%)
being the major compounds. Selected structures of volatile components in P. trimera are
shown in Figure 3.
Table 3. The volatile composition of P. trimera leaves
Number Name Retention time (min) %
1 Butyl acetate 5.95 4.47
2 2-Acetoxypropanol 7.42 4.66
3 Ethylidene diacetate 10.52 2.37
4 Geyrene 15.69 2.73
5 Ethoxy(methoxy)methylsilan 16.02 3.69
6 Pregeijerene 21.39 2.44
7 trans-Caryophyllene 24.02 4.46
7 -Farnesene 24.72 25.03
8 -Humulene 25.14 2.24
9 Germacrene-D 25.98 10.55
10 -Gurjunene 26.73 5.11
11 Nerolidol 28.15 1.36
12 Dimethyl o-phthalate 28.87 2.73
Because no work on the volatile composition of P. trimera has been published,
this study presents the first published evidence that -farnesene, -gurjunene and other
sesquiterpenes are chemotaxonimic markers for P. trimera.
-Gurjunene -Farnesene Germacrene-D
Figure 3. Selected structures of volatile components of P. trimera
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Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien
3. Conclusion
From Paramignya trimera plants that were collected in Hon Heo Commune (Khanh
Hoa Province) it was found that sesquiterpenes, including -farnesene and -gurjunene,
are major compounds of its volatile composition. Furthermore, n-hexane extracts of its
stem bark and leaves showed moderate cytotoxic activity towards KB, Hep-G2, Lu and
MCF7 cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89 g/mL).
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