Bài giảng Introduction to MIS - Chapter 2: Information Technology Foundations

Introduction to MISChapter 2Information Technology FoundationsJerry PostTechnology Toolbox: Voice InputTechnology Toolbox: Creating Effective ChartsCases: The Computer IndustryOutlineWhat types of computers are needed for business applications? What are the basic objects that computers process? What are the main components of a computer? Why is the operating system so important?How does the Internet change the role of computers? What are the main software applications used in business?Changing Technology SelectionsDesktop: $400-2,000Laptop:$600-2,000Tablet:$500-2,000Workstation: $2,000-7,000Super computer: $1,000,000+Enterprise Server: $10,000-$1,000,000Cell phone:$200-700HPAppleMotorolaSun (extinct)CrayTrendsHardwareSize (capacity)Speed (performance)ReliabilityMobility and physical sizePriceData types: Text, Images, Audio, VideoSoftware and Operating System TrendsOriginal: User/ProgrammerEarly: Sequential QuestionsEasier: MenusCurrent: User/Event DrivenTechnology TrendsCost of workers increasingCost of technology decreasingCapabilities increasingProcessing speedStorage capacityTypes of datatextimagesoundvideoQuality and reliabilityCommunicationsBrief History of ComputingForerunners1642 Pascal's mechanical adding machine1694 Leibnitz' calculator1750 Industrial Revolution in England1834 Babbage's analytical engine1880 Hollerith's punched-card system19401942 Atanasoff Berry Computer1946 ENIAC electronic digital computer1949 EDSAC stored program computer19501951 UNIVAC I: U.S. Bureau of Census1954 IBM 650: popular 1st generation19601965 IBM System/360: 3rd generation1965 DEC PDP-8: 1st minicomputerComputing History19701970 IBM System/370 announced1975 MITS Altair 8800: micro kit1976 Cray I shipped supercomputer1978 TRS-80/I, Apple II introduced19801982 IBM Personal Computer1984 Apple Macintosh1988 32 bit microprocessors (I486 & M 68040)1989 RISC processors, LANs1990 Rapidly declining cost of small computersSoftware integrationThe Internet expansion, Web browsers2000 Ubiquitous computingWeb 2.0 (interactive) and Social NetworksCell phones and mobile computing2010Cloud computing?Touch and voice interfaces?Binary Data: bits and BytesSingle bit: one or zero (on or off)8 bits = 1 Byte: 101010101 byte holds values from 0 – 255220 = 1,048,576210 = 102428 = 256 27 = 12826 = 6425 = 3224 = 1623 = 822 = 421 = 220 = 1 BytesbitsPower of 21825621665,53632416,777,2164324,294,967,29686418,446,744,073,709,551,616Note that 32-bit hardware/software cannot address more than 4 GB of memory. Windows 7/32 max is 3 GB.Big Numbers (Terminology)TermApproximatePower of 10Power of 2IEC termBinary valueKiloThousand310Kibi1024MegaMillion620Mebi1,048,576GigaBillion930Gibi1,073,741,824TeraTrillion1240Tebi1,099,511,627,776PetaQuadrillion1550Pebi1,125,899,906,842,624ExaQuintillion1860Exbi1,152,921,504,606,846,976ZettaSextillion2170Zebi1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424YottaSeptillion2480YobiSome people use different names for powers of ten versus two.Powers of ten use a base of 1000.Powers of two use a base of 1024.The IEC (electrical) standard in 1999 defines different terms for decimal versus binary numbers.NumbersImagesSoundVideoInputProcessOutput12 + 8 = 20000001100000001000---------------00001010020001000000000000000001000000000000010010110000011000011011011111111111100111111111111111110111111111111111100011111000001000 000001001 000010100 pitch orvolume Time 0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011Data Types8 9 0 5 0010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011001010101111101010101001010101010111101000110010101101100101010111110101010100101010101011110100011001010110110010101011111010101010010101010101111010001100101011011TextThis is a test84 104 73 115 This is a testApplication ObjectsPrimary ObjectsTextNumbersPicturesSoundVideoPrimary FunctionsCutCopyPasteEditSave and RetrieveAlign 5.563 0.354+ 6.864 12.781 5.56 0.35+ 6.86 12.77Precision ROUND Format function functionIs the display precision the same asthe computation precision?Internal data formats decimal placesInteger -32,768 to 32767 0Float +/- 3.4 x 10 38 7Double +/- 1.797 x 10 308 15Application Objects: NumbersNumbersAttributesDisplay formatPrecisionValue limitsFunctionsComputationsAggregationSortingComparisons 5.56 0.35+ 6.86 12.78Yes NoSpreadsheet:=Round(5.563,2)AlphabetsEarlyU.S. and EnglandASCII and EBCDIC127 characters => 7 bits/1 byte1980sLatin-based characters: tilde, accent, umlaut, ñ, é, öCode pages and extended character sets255 characters => 8 bits/1 byte1990s+Asian ideograms, plus any language日本語 中文 Российская UnicodeAll modern languages and most dead languages1 character => 2 (or 3) bytesHow many letters are there in the alphabet?This is a trick question. You need to ask: Which alphabet?Application Objects: TextTextAttributesTypefacePoint sizeColorBold, italicUnderline . . .FunctionsSpellingGrammarSearchingSortingArial 20Times 22New Century Schoolbook 16Typeface ClassificationSans serifSerifOrnamentalBraggadocio 18Brush Script 20Garamond 24Courier 18 (monospace)A72 points,1 inchleading3224161232/24 = (8/8)*(4/3)16/12 = (4/4)*(4/3)Total pixels: 24*32=768Total pixels: 16*12=192768 = 4*192If the rectangles are measured in inches: 4” x 3” the resolution is 8 ppi and 4 ppiResolutionResolution and Color100 dots per inch6 inches4 inches6*100 = 600 dots per line4*100 = 400 dots per column400*600 = 240,000 pixelsHow many colors per pixel?How many colors can the human eye distinguish?16,000,000: 2^24 = 16,777,21624 bits = 3 bytes: Red + Green + Blue (RGB)3 bytes per pixel => 3*240,000 raw data bytes = 720,000Double resolution to 200 dpi => 4*720,000 = 2,880,000Common Resolution NumbersVideoPixelsVGA640 x 480XGA1024 x 768SXGA1280 x 1024UXGA1600 x 1200WSXGA1680 x 1050HDTV1920 x 1080Print SizePixels Per Inch3” x 4”7684” x 6”5128” x 10”307MethodPixels Per InchFax100-200Ink jet300-700Laser600-1200Typeset2400Video DisplaysDigital Camera: 7 megapixels3072 x 2304PrintersComputer displays are based on a 4/3 aspect ratio from the older TV standard.HDTV uses a 16/9 aspect ratio.Actual resolution depends on the physical size of the screen.Look at what happens to resolution with the camera prints as the size increases.Aspect RatioAspect Ratio is the relationship between width and height.Early films and NTSC televisions (U.S.) had an aspect ratio of 4:3, so initial computer displays copied that ratio.640 x 480  4/31600 x 1200  4/3Photographs often used the same ratio.But movies were created with a much wider screen and an aspect ratio closer to 1.85:1 or 2.40:1(check the back of a movie package).HD TV was designed to come closer to the movie industry and standardized on 16:9.HD 1080p is 1920 x 1080  16:9Many computer screens have adopted that ratio.ColorsRGB: Red Green Blue, 1 byte each (0-255 values)Visualize as lights: 255, 0, 0 is all red 0, 128, 0 is half green 255, 255, 0 is yellow 0, 0, 0 = blackCMYK: Cyan Magenta Yellow KeyUsed for printing (Key is black)Expressed as a percentage of pure color.0, 0, 0, 0 = no color (white page)HSL: Hue, Saturation, LuminosityUsed in video/television.x, 0, 0 = blackHueSaturationLuminositySample Vector ImageStored internally as mathematical objects: Lines Points Rectangles CirclesDisplays well at any scale.Bitmap Images: Adobe PhotoshopEmboss(1) Set a light source.(2) Twirl.Hundreds of tools and options.You can add and delete items from photographs.Professional editing is hard to detect.You need a really good monitor to edit photos.Audio: Cakewalk MIDIMIDI editors provide complex editing tools for music.You can assign instruments, set musical features, even edit individual notes.Entire piece (1:39): 17,441 bytes Audio capture: CakewalkWhen you capture audio, you can edit it.Detailed options exist to match conventional audio studio facilities.Or you can edit individual samples.CD quality audio (44.1 KHz, stereo): 150 KB/sec or 9 MB/min (6 MB/min compressed)timetimefrequency (pitch)amplitude (volume)440.0137.15How many measurements per second?Two numbers, 16 bits each, times two for stereo.Audio SamplesFrequency: (hertz) cycles per secondlower / higherAmplitude: height of the waveVideo: Adobe PremiereVideo captureor animationTransitionVideo overlaySuperimpose textAudio (2 channels)with volume fade.Superimpose textNTSC Video, full screen, 30 fps: 3 MB/sec (compressed)Application ObjectsPictures & VideoAttributesSize & resolutionColorsFunctionsDisplay/PlayEditSoundAttributesAmplitude/volumeFrequency/pitchMIDI v samplesFunctionsRecordPlaySize ComplicationsCompression:Text uses a ZIP folder.Image is JPEG at high quality (12), low (0) – medium (6)Sound is WAV at 44.1 kbps and WMA at 64 kbpsVideo is DV AVI and Microsoft WMV at 6383 kbpsHDTV is MP4ObjectRawCompressedLossyText and numbers5 KB/page2.3 KB/pageN/AImage (300 dpi, 24-bit color, 4 x 6 in.) 1958 x 11286.32 MB2.4 MB78 – 245 KBSound (44.1 KHz stereo)352 KB/sec170 KB/sec0.01 KB/secVideo (DV 720 x 480 at 29.97 fps, stereo)25 MB/sec3.7 MB/sec1 MB/secHDTV (1080p: 1920 x 1080) (MP4)6.8 GB/min1.5 MB/secHDTV: understandinghdformats.aspxData CompressionStoring every single pixel requires a huge amount of space. Compression looks for patterns. For example, instead of storing 1000 black dots in a row, it is much shorter to store a note that says 1000 black dots come next.The JPEG standard supports lossy compression, which matches patterns if they are close—saving more space, but reducing quality.Virtual RealityHardwareOutput3-D videoGoggles3-D soundInputVR GlovePressure suitsSoftwareLimited resolution/speedLimited business applicationsPotentialWorkers at LISITT (Laboratorio Integrado de Sistemas Inteligentes y Tecnologias de la informacion en Trafico) have developed a virtual reality driving simulator (SIRCA) to evaluate driver learning and road safety.Virtual Reality PhotoInputProcessOutputSecondarystorage• Video monitor• Printer• Plotter• Process control• Voice output• Music synthesizers• Other computers• Magnetic Disk• Floppy Disk• Optical Disk• Tape Drive• USB Drive• Processor• RAM• Device controllers• Keyboard• Mouse• Optical scanner• Voice input• Bar code• Touch screen• Light pen• MICR• Magnetic strips• Card reader• Other computersComputer Componentsseconds - millisecondsnanosecondsseconds - millisecondsmillisecondsBasic Computer BoardPower supplyProcessor—under the fan and heat sinkKeyboard, video, and other connectorsDisk drivesRAMExpansion slotsMotherboardIDESATAGraphicsOnboard and externalPhysical SizeProcessor and RAM internal distances determine the size of internal components and the number of items.2011 common distance was 32 nanometers (nm).Next goal is 22 nm.Placing items closer together means more capacity per chip and it can reduce heat and power consumption, and improve performance.ComparisonsA nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.Paper thickness (20 pound): 0.004 inches = 0.1 millimeter = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nm.A green laser pointer has a wavelength of 532 nm.X-ray wavelength is from 0.01 to 10 nm.Intel Processor Speeds by YearMulti-coreRAM Costs1990 $250 for .008 GB $32,000/GB2007: $59 for 1 GB 800 MHz $59/GB2010: $45 for 4096 1333 MHz DDR3 $11.25/GBConclusion: RAM is free.www.newegg.comParallel Processing 11 24 32 15+ 27 33 57 84= ___________________Are 4 parallel processors four times faster than 1?Crucial assumptions:There are multiple processors.Task can be split into as many parts as there are processors.Coordinating results does not take more time than processing. 23 xx+54 +92 xx yyyCacheMemoryProcessorDisk DriveFileProcessor is faster than disk drive.Reads ahead and stores several pieces of the file into cache memory.Pulls data from cache as needed.Cache is used as a buffer between two devices of different speeds. Disk->RAM, RAM->ProcessorFastSlowNeededMight needRead aheadCache MemoryCache on ProcessorConnecting ComponentsMethodMax Speed Primary PurposePCI-e 2.0/x16500 M Bytes/s*1664 G bits/secConnect peripherals, graphics cardsSATA II3 G bits/secDisk drivesSATA 36 G bits/secDisk drivesFibre Channel20 G bits/secSAN/external drivesFirewire 2.0800 m bits/secVideo, drivesHDMI3.4 G bits/sec *3HDTV videoUSB 2.0480 m bits/secExternal devicesUSB 3.04.8 G bits/secExternal devicesIntel: Light Peak (Thunderbolt)10 – 100 Gbits/secExternal devicesLAN/gigabit1 G bits/secComputers, drivesMax speed is never achieved, but it can reveal bottlenecks.Hard drive transfer rates are often limited by drive write speeds.But, the newer methods (SATA 3 and USB 3.0) will improve the performance of large data transfers. These methods become more useful when connecting to a large solid state drive.There have been increasing complaints about injuries “caused” by repetitive typing tasks. Several manufacturers have experimented with new keyboard designs (like this one from Microsoft) that are claimed to relieve physical stress.Input: KeyboardsInput: Multi-touch Jeff Han Presentation February 2006 time: 9:31Input: ScannersScannersFormatHand-heldPageFlatbedOptical Character RecognitionText and GraphicsColumnsProportional v Fixed FontsTraining v PreprogrammedGray scale and colorsTextInBitmapPixelsOCR “reads”pixels and convertsto letters and words.But mistakes arise.Speak in complete sentencesSpeak in complete sentences.Input: Voice VoiceMicrosoft Office includes a decent voice input system.It must be trained so that it adapts to your speech patterns.It is not perfect, but is relatively fast.It works best if you speak in full sentences—enabling the system to choose words based on context.Output: PrintersQuality (resolution: dots per inch)Ink Jet 300 - 1200 dpiLaser 600 - 1200 dpiTypeset/offset press 2400 dpiSpeed (pages per minute)CostDuty cycle: Pages per week or monthPrinterInitial Cost(dollars)Cost Per Page(cents)Quality(dots/inch)Speed(pages/min.)Laser: B&W300 – 20,0000.6 – 3600 – 12004 – 8 – 17 – 150+Laser: Color500+5 – 75600 – 12001 – 30Ink jet: Color100 - 5005 - 150300 – 12001 - 20Check Kodak’s strategy (2007) for lower-cost ink.Secondary StorageEvaluation of Secondary StorageCapacitySpeedCostMagnetic Hard Drive80 GB – 1,000 GB [typical PC: 250]8 - 20 ms access [typical PC: 10]4200 rpm (old laptop), 5400 rpm, 7200 rpm, 10,000 rpm, 15,000 rpm$0.25 - $1.00 / GB [some large drives are much higher]Optical Disk700 MB30 - 200 msDVD: 4.77 - 9 GBBlu-Ray: 25-50 GBUSB 2.0 Flash Drive to solid-state drives (SSD)16 MB-1 GBRead: 8 MB/sWrite: 1 - 5 MB/s$10-30/GB (2004 $350/GB, 2007 $10/GB)Secondary StorageConclusion: Storage is freeBut high-speed storage costs moreDriveCapacity(gigabytes)Speed(Write MB/s)Initial Cost(dollars)Cost/GB(dollars)Magnetic hard80 – 3,00060 – 20065 – 200+0.07SSD16 – 51260 – 320200 – 9001.76USB drive2-6425 – 150 10 – 1151.80Tape250 – 80020 – 120300 – 5,000+0.05 – 1.00CD-ROM0.702 – 8500.18DVD4.77 (8.5 DL)2 – 21 500.04Blu-Ray25 (50 DL)4.5 – 36 800.12Blu-Ray BDXL, IH-BD128CD/DVD Speeds: and USB FlashYearCapacity (GB)PriceRead MB/sWrite MB/s2007250852010165525182011*6420010070YearCapacity (GB)PriceRead MB/sWrite MB/sBrand201064725250170Intel20115121400230180Kingston20115121500?415260MicronUSB Flash/thumb drive*2011=> USB 3.0SSD (laptop)SSD Extreme: Fusion IO 20 servers, 12 processors each, delivering 225 videos each = 4500 videos.All of them delivered from a single (monster) SSD.The SSD has 8 controllers each capable of delivering 750 MB/s for a total of 6 gigabytes per second! What is a Server?ReliabilityEasy backupEasy maintenanceMulti-userScalabilityProduct family consistency (IBM)Server Farm (Microsoft)What is a Client/Browser?Display device/standardsUser interfaceData collectionNew: WirelessCell phonesTabletsError reading fileInvalid format.CompatibilityHardware standards?Operating systemsUnixWindows-NTSoftware & DataBinary incompatibilityFile compatibility & conversionLeading softwareLimited standards (e.g., ASCII)Software CategoriesOperating SystemUtilitiesProgramming Languages and ToolsApplicationGeneral purpose examplesWord processingSpreadsheetsGraphicsSingle purpose examplesAccountingTax preparationGamesCAD-CAMDatabase Management Systems (DBMS)Operating SystemsOperating SystemDevicedriverDevicedriverDevicedriverDevicedriverOperating system tasks.Identify user (security).User interface.Load applications.Coordinate devices.Device drivers for independence.Input.Process.Output.Secondary storage.Operating Systems: User InterfaceMultitasking & ComponentsComponents operate at different speedsProcessor nanosecondsInput seconds or millisecondsOutput seconds or millisecondsSecondary Storage millisecondsTime comparison1 ns / 1 sec == 31.7 years1 micro / 1 sec == 11.6 days1 ms / 1 sec == 16:40 min:secSingle TaskingTask 1Task 2Task 3MultitaskingMultitaskingOne physical ComputerVirtual Machine (VM)One set of computer hardware configured to run multiple, independent operating systems.Multiple core processorShared MemoryShared networkAllocated disk spaceVM1: Windows Server 1 processor, 4 GB RAMVM2: Linux Database Server 2 processors, 8 GB RAMVM3: Windows PC 1 processor, 2 GB RAMYou have to purchase operating systems and software for each VM, but only one set of hardware.Early Computer Languages1st generation: Machine1110 1101 get data at 11011001 1111 add value at 11111101 0111 put result in 01112nd generation: AssemblyMOV AX,[011E] get value at 011EADD AX,[0100] add value at 0100MOV [0FEB],AX put result in 0FEBComputer Languages3rd generation: ProceduralFour popular variationsFORTRANBasicCOBOLC total = net + taxes;4th generation: DatabaseSQL: select net+taxes from sales;5th generation: Not Exist YetArtificial IntelligenceNatural LanguageExample: What were gross sales last month?Application SoftwareResearch: DatabasesAnalysis: Calculations (spreadsheets and more)Communication: Writing (word processors and more)Communication: Presentation and GraphicsCommunication: Voice and Mail (e-mail and more)Organizing Resources: Calendars and SchedulesAugmented Reality Layering data on images and video.TED 2010: Blaise Aguera y Arcas (Microsoft)Paperless Office?Paper and PaperboardNote leveling off in the U.S. and Canada.Source: UN FAO dataPaper Consumption data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Open Software IssuesOperating Systems: Linux (and others)Applications: Sun Star Office (and others)Development: GNUA bunch of open questions:Total cost?Service and support?Training?Upgrades?Security?These can be “religious” issues for some.The Internet solved many of the issues with the client platform, can it solve the application battles?Cloud ComputingDisplay browser applicationServer and dataCloud Computing: Google Docs Spreadsheet Word processor Presentation Drawing FormFree (limited space)Business Apps:$50/user/yearCalendar, e-mailCloud Computing: Office Web Apps Spreadsheet Word processor Presentation OneNoteFree (limited space)Business Apps:$50/user/yearCalendar, e-mailTechnology Toolbox: Voice InputInstall and setupGet a decent headset microphone.Set aside time to train the system in a quiet environment.Within Word (or use the Control Panel):Tools/Speech.Follow the installation instructions.Train it by reading several stories.Using the systemDictate in complete sentences.Use the keyboard and mouse to edit.Use the toolbar to turn off the microphone to cough.Use the toolbar to switch to command mode for menus.Technology Toolbox: Voice Input CommandsCommandCharacter/Resultperiod or dotcommanew linenew paragraphopen parenclose parenforce num, pause, digitsspell it or spelling modemicrophonecorrect thatscratch thatgo to topmove upbackspaceselect word.,EnterEnter twice()numbers (for several numbers in a row)spell out a wordturn microphone on or off change or delete the last phrase entereddelete the last phrase enteredmove to top of the document (or bottom)move up one line (also down, left, right)delete one character to the leftselect a word (several options/phrases)Quick Quiz: Voice InputUse the help system to find the commands for the following:1. !, ?, #, $2. Make a word boldface or italic.3. Print the current page.Technology Toolbox: Effective Charts