Giáo trình thực hành SQL (rất hay)

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null ) F‰XO‹£QKWU‹QFR—WK‹ YL‹¢WQKŽVDX CREATE TABLE nhanvien ( manv char(10) not null, hoten char(30) not null, ngaysinh datetime null, diachi char(50) null, dienthoai char(6) null constraint pk_nv primary key(manv) ) Giaïo trçnh thæûc haình SQL 7UDQJ D 5DŽQJEX†œF81,48( 7KD\Y VŽ• GX£QJNKRD— FK’QKED£QFR— WK‹  VŽ• GX£QJ UD”QJEXŒ¤F81,48(Š‹  ŠD•P ED•RW’QKWRD”QYH£QWKŽ£FWK‹ 6Ž•GX£QJUD”QJEXŒ¤F81,48(WU‹QPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žXFŒ¤WEˆW EXŒ¤FFD—FJLD—WU“GŽ–OL‹£XWU‹QPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žXFŒ¤WQD”\NKŒQJŠŽ¤FWUX”QJOˆ£SQKDXj‹  NKDLED—RPŒ¤WUD”QJEXŒ¤F81,48(ED£QVŽ•GX£QJFX—SKD—SO‹£QKVDXŠ‰\ [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] UNIQUE [CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED] [colname1 [,colname2 [...,colname16]])] D 5DŽQJEX†œF)25(,*1.(< &D—FED•QJE‹QWURQJPŒ¤W&6'/WKŽ”QJFR—PŒ¢LTXDQK‹£Y—LQKDX&D—FPŒ¢LTXDQ K‹£QD”\ŠŽ¤F[D—FŠ“QKGŽ£D WU‹Q W’QKEˆšQJQKDXJLŽ–DPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žX WUŽ”QJFX•DED•QJ QD”\Y—LPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹ž”XWUŽ”QJFX•DED•QJNKD—F1‹¢XPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žXFŒ¤WQD”RŠR—FX•DPŒ¤W ED•QJFR—JLD—WU“ŠŽ¤F[D—FŠ“QKWŽ”PŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žXWUŽ”QJNKRD—FX•DED•QJNKD—FWKFD—F FŒ¤WŠR—ŠŽ¤FJR¤LOD”FR—UD”QJEXŒ¤FNKRD—QJRD£LIRUHLJQNH\&D—FUD”QJEXŒ¤F)25(,*1 .(<ŠŽ¤FVŽ•GX£QJN‹¢WK¤SY—LFD—F UD”QJEXŒ¤F35,0$5<.(<YD”81,48(QKˆšP ŠD•PED•RW’QKWRD”QYH£QWKDPFKL‹¢XJLŽ–DFD—FED•QJŠŽ¤FFKŠ“QK j‹ NKDLED—RNKRD—QJRD£LED£QVŽ•GX£QJFX—SKD—SO‹£QKQKŽVDX [CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] [FOREIGN KEY (colname [,colname2 [...,colname16]])] REFERENCES reference_table [(ref_colname [,ref_colname2 [...,ref_colname 16]])] 9Œ GX›  7D£R KDL ED•QJ 1+$19,(10$19 +27(1 1*$<6,1+ ',$&+, ',(17+2$,0$'9YD”'219,0$'97(1'9WKHRŠŒžKQKGŽ—LŠ‰\ CREATE TABLE donvi ( 1+$19,(1 0$19 +27(1 1*$<6,1+ ',$&+, ',(17+2$, 0$'9 '219, 0$'9 7(1'9  ∞ +QK  Tráön Nguyãn Phong madv char(2) primary key, tendv char(20) not null ) CREATE TABLE nhanvien ( manv char(10) primary key, hoten char(20) not null, ngaysinh datetime null, diachi char(50) default 'khong biet', dienthoai char(6) check(dienthoai like '[0-9][0-9][0-9] [0-9][0-9][0-9]'), madv char(2) foreign key(madv) references donvi(madv) ) 6ˆD„†˜LEDQJ 6DXNKLŠD– WD£RED•QJED£QFR— WK‹  WL‹¢QKD”QKVŽ•DŠŒ LF‰¢X WUX—FKD\ WKXŒ¤F W’QKFX•D ED•QJ QKŽEŒ  VXQJ FŒ¤W EŒ  VXQJ NKRD— WKD\ ŠŒ L FD—F UD”QJ EXŒ¤Fj‹  FR— WK‹  VX•D ŠŒ L ED•QJED£QVŽ•GX£QJF‰XO‹£QK$/7(5FR—FX—SKD—SQKŽVDX ALTER TABLE table_name [ADD {col_name column_properties [column_constraints]  [[,]table_constraint ] } [,{next_col_name|next_table_constraint}]...] [DROP [CONSTRAINT] constraint_name1 [, constraint_name2]...] 9ŒGX›7D£RPŒ¤WUD”QJEXŒ¤FFKRED•QJ'219,WU‹QFŒ¤W0$'9TXLŠ“QKPD–ŠQY“ SKD•LFR—GD£QJKDLFKŽ–VŒ¢Y’GX£ ALTER TABLE donvi ADD CONSTRAINT check_madv CHECK (madv LIKE ‘[0-9][0-9]’) Giaïo trçnh thæûc haình SQL 7UDQJ &KŠPX›FLQGH[ &D—FFKPX£FŠŽ¤FVŽ•GX£QJQKˆšPKŒ¡WU¤YL‹£FWUX\F‰£SŠ‹¢QFD—FGR”QJGŽ–OL‹£XŠŽ¤F QKDQKFKR—QJGŽ£DWU‹QFD—FJLD—WU“FX•DPŒ¤WKD\QKL‹žXFŒ¤W&KPX£FŠŽ¤FFKLDUDOD”PKDL ORD£L FKPX£F WX£ QKR—P FOXVWHUHG LQGH[ YD” FKPX£F NKŒQJ WX£ QKR—P QRQFOXVWHUHG LQGH[ • 0Œ¤WFKPX£FWX£QKR—POD”PŒ¤WFKPX£FPD”WURQJŠR—WKŽ—WŽ£ORJLFFX•DFD—FNKRD—WŽQJ 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• 7‹QNKXQJQKQSKD•LWX‰QWKHRFD—FTXLWˆFY‹žŠ“QKGDQKYD”SKD•LGX\QK‰¢WŠŒ¢LY—L PŒ¡LQJŽ”LVŽ•GX£QJ • .KŒQJWK‹ UD”QJEXŒ¤FFD—FPˆ£FŠ“QKFD—FTXLWˆFFKRNKXQJQKQ • .KŒQJWK‹ [‰\GŽ£QJFKPX£FFKRNKXQJQKQ • 7URQJF‰X O‹£QK&5($7(9,(:NKŒQJF‰žQ WKL‹¢WSKD•L FKŠ“QK W‹QFŒ¤W7‹QFX•D FD—FFŒ¤WFX–QJQKŽNL‹ XGŽ–OL‹£XFX•DFKX—QJVH–WŽQJŽ—QJY—LFD—FFŒ¤WWURQJGDQKVD—FK FKR¤QFX•DF‰XO‹£QK6(/(&7 • %D£QSKD•L[D—FŠ“QKW‹QFŒ¤W WURQJF‰X O‹£QK&5($7(9,(:WURQJFD—F WUŽ”QJK¤S VDX − 0Œ¡LFŒ¤WFX•DNKXQJQKQŠŽ¤FSKD—WVLQKWŽ”PŒ¤WEL‹ XWKŽ—FVŒ¢KR¤FPŒ¤WKD”PFD”L VˆœQKD\PŒ¤WKˆšQJ − +DLKD\QKL‹žXFŒ¤WFX•DNKXQJQKQFR—WUX”QJW‹Q − %D£QPXŒ¢QWKD\ŠŒ LW‹QFŒ¤WWURQJNKXQJQKQNKD—FY—LW‹QFŒ¤WFX•DED•QJFV• 9ŒGX›&‰XO‹£QKGŽ—LŠ‰\VH–E“OŒ¡LGRW‹QFX•DFŒ¤WWKŽ—NKŒQJ[D—FŠ“QKŠŽ¤F CREATE VIEW thongtin_nv AS SELECT manv,hoten,datediff(year,ngaysinh,getdate()),tendv FROM nhanvien,donvi WHERE nhanvien.madv=donvi.madv j‹ F‰XO‹£QKWU‹QFR—WK‹ WKŽ£FKL‹£QŠŽ¤FED£QSKD•LŠˆ£W W‹QFKRFD—FFŒ¤WFX•DNKXQJQKQ QKŽVDX CREATE VIEW thongtin_nv(manv,hoten,tuoi,donvi) Giaïo trçnh thæûc haình SQL 7UDQJ AS SELECT manv,hoten,datediff(year,ngaysinh,getdate()),tendv FROM nhanvien,donvi WHERE nhanvien.madv=donvi.madv Z Y Tráön Nguyãn Phong Chæång 2: NGÄN NGÆÎÎ THAO TAÏÏC DÆÎÎ LIÃÛÛU 1JŒQQJŽ–WKDRWD—FGŽ–OL‹£XFXQJF‰¢SFKRQJŽ”LVŽ•GX£QJNKD•QˆQJWL‹¢QKD”QKFD—F WKDRWD—FWUX\[X‰¢WEŒ VXQJF‰£SQK‰£WYD”[RD—GŽ–OL‹£X1JŒQQJŽ–WKDRWD—FGŽ–OL‹£XEDR JŒžPFD—FF‰XO‹£QK6(/(&7,16(5783'$7(YD”'(/(7( 7UX\[XƒšWGˆOL…›X §Ó truy xuÊt d÷ liÖu tõ c¸c dßng vµ c¸c cét cña mét hay nhiÒu b¶ng, khung nh×n, ta sö dông c©u lÖnh SELECT. C©u lÖnh nµy cã thÓ dïng ®Ó thùc hiÖn phÐp chän (tøc lµ truy xuÊt mét tËp con c¸c dßng trong mét hay nhiÒu b¶ng), phÐp chiÕu (tøc lµ truy xuÊt mét tËp con c¸c cét trong mét hay nhiÒu b¶ng) vµ phÐp nèi (tøc lµ liªn kÕt c¸c dßng trong hai hay nhiÒu b¶ng ®Ó truy xuÊt d÷ liÖu). Có ph¸p chung cña c©u lÖnh SELECT cã d¹ng nh­ sau: SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select_list [ INTO [ newtable_name ]] FROM { table_name | view_name } ................ [,{table_name | view_name }] [WHERE clause ] [GROUP BY clause ] [HAVING BY clause ] [ORDER BY clause ] [COMPUTE clause ] Chó ý: C¸c thµnh phÇn trong mét c©u lÖnh SELECT ph¶i ®­îc sö dông theo thø tù ®­îc nªu trªn. 1.1 X¸c ®Þnh b¶ng b»ng mÖnh ®Ò FROM MÖnh ®Ò FROM trong c©u lÖnh SELECT ®­îc sö dông nh»m chØ ®Þnh c¸c b¶ng vµ khung nh×n cÇn truy xuÊt d÷ liÖu. Sau mÖnh ®Ò FROM lµ danh s¸ch tªn c¸c b¶ng vµ khung nh×n tham gia vµo truy vÊn (tªn cña c¸c b¶ng vµ khung nh×n ®­îc ph©n c¸ch nhau bëi dÊu phÈy). SELECT select_list FROM {table_nameview_name list} Giaïo trçnh thæûc haình SQL 7UDQJ §Ó ®¬n gi¶n ho¸ c©u hái, ta cã thÓ sö dông c¸c bÝ danh (alias) cho c¸c b¶ng hay khung nh×n. BÝ danh ®­îc g¸n trong mÖnh ®Ò FROM b»ng c¸ch chØ ®Þnh bÝ danh sau tªn b¶ng. VÝ dô c©u lÖnh sau g¸n bÝ danh n1 cho b¶ng nhanvien. SELECT ten, diachi FROM nhanvien n1 1.2 MÖnh ®Ò WHERE MÖnh ®Ò WHERE trong c©u lÖnh SELECT x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®èi víi viÖc truy xuÊt d÷ liÖu. Sau mÖnh ®Ò WHERE lµ mét biÓu thøc logic vµ chØ nh÷ng dßng d÷ liÖu nµo tho¶ m∙n biÓu thøc sau WHERE míi ®­îc hiÓn thÞ