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Chi phí cơhộivàlợithếso sánh • Mô hình Ricardo mộtyếutố • Đường giớihạnkhảnăng sảnxuất (PPF) •Lợiíchtừngoạithương •Tiềnlương và ngoạithương •Sựnhầmlẫnvềlợithếso sánh • Chi phí vận chuyển và hàng hoá phi ngoại thương •Bằng chứng thựctế

29 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2603 | Lượt tải: 1

(Bản scan) Remarks profit maximizing equilibrium does not coincide with MSY (highest sustainable harvest) Optimal harvest in our example implies that the stock is large than that corresponding with MSY

13 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2286 | Lượt tải: 0

Options for asking CV questions Direct/ open-ended question: Max. WTP___ A single YES?NO Question {200, .500} YES/NO Option 2 and option 1 Two YES/NO questions: divided respondent into two groups: Group 1 :from low value to high value Group 2: from high value to low value Two YES/No questions followed by an open-ended question Three ...

14 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 1982 | Lượt tải: 0

Surrogate market techniques (revealed preference) Indirect approach to monetary valuation of env. benefits by looking at observed market behaviour and choices (i.e. market for some other goods/services related to env. benefits and costs of concern. The goods/services bought and sold in these surrogate markets will often have as complements (...

15 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 1999 | Lượt tải: 0

Advantages of Tradable emission permits Least intervention Cost effective, especially when many parties involved Provide observable market prices for environmental services. Applied to wide range of environmental problem Disadvantages of Tradable emission permits Appropriate mechanism to distribute permits Ineffective when there are few ...

2 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2310 | Lượt tải: 0

Effluent charge is a tax (or financial penalty) imposed on pollution The charge is based on per unit of effluent emitted to the environment

11 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 1982 | Lượt tải: 0

Emission rates (e.g. kg per hour) Emission concentration (grams of Biochemical oxygen demand-BOD in waste water) Total quantity of residuals (rate of discharge times concentration times duration) Residuals produced per unit of output (SO2 emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced) Residuals content per unit of input (sulfur co...

15 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2258 | Lượt tải: 0

Public goods/bads have two characteristics Non-rivalry – consumption by one agent does not reduce the amount available to others Non-excludability – if provided for one agent, others cannot be excluded from consumption Examples of public goods – national defence, water pollution abatement. Examples of public bads – air pollution

25 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2373 | Lượt tải: 0

Market demand curve: negatively sloped A ship in market demand curve: Income Prices of related goods Consumer preferences for the product considered Number of relevant consumers

18 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 1966 | Lượt tải: 0

A sub-discipline of Economics _ started in the 1960s The study of environmental problems with the perspective and analytical ideas of economics Focus on : · How and why people make decisions the have environmental consequences · How we can change economic institutions and policies to bring those environmental impacts more into balance with huma...

4 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2175 | Lượt tải: 0