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Surrogate market techniques (revealed preference) Indirect approach to monetary valuation of env. benefits by looking at observed market behaviour and choices (i.e. market for some other goods/services related to env. benefits and costs of concern. The goods/services bought and sold in these surrogate markets will often have as complements (...

15 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2107 | Lượt tải: 0

Advantages of Tradable emission permits Least intervention Cost effective, especially when many parties involved Provide observable market prices for environmental services. Applied to wide range of environmental problem Disadvantages of Tradable emission permits Appropriate mechanism to distribute permits Ineffective when there are few ...

2 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2449 | Lượt tải: 0

Effluent charge is a tax (or financial penalty) imposed on pollution The charge is based on per unit of effluent emitted to the environment

11 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2032 | Lượt tải: 0

Emission rates (e.g. kg per hour) Emission concentration (grams of Biochemical oxygen demand-BOD in waste water) Total quantity of residuals (rate of discharge times concentration times duration) Residuals produced per unit of output (SO2 emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced) Residuals content per unit of input (sulfur co...

15 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2330 | Lượt tải: 0

Public goods/bads have two characteristics Non-rivalry – consumption by one agent does not reduce the amount available to others Non-excludability – if provided for one agent, others cannot be excluded from consumption Examples of public goods – national defence, water pollution abatement. Examples of public bads – air pollution

25 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2458 | Lượt tải: 0

Market demand curve: negatively sloped A ship in market demand curve: Income Prices of related goods Consumer preferences for the product considered Number of relevant consumers

18 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2024 | Lượt tải: 0

A sub-discipline of Economics _ started in the 1960s The study of environmental problems with the perspective and analytical ideas of economics Focus on : · How and why people make decisions the have environmental consequences · How we can change economic institutions and policies to bring those environmental impacts more into balance with huma...

4 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2269 | Lượt tải: 0

This report provides information on the level and effectiveness of wastewater pollution control in industrial estates in four provinces of Vietnam. It finds low levels of wastewater treatment in many industrial estates in the areas surveyed and identifies significant negative effects on many rivers. It investigates why many estates and the factorie...

63 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2053 | Lượt tải: 0

This report assesses the willingness of people in Ho Chi MinhCity, Vietnamtopay for improvement in their water supply system. Italso investigates what aspects of water supply, suchas quality and water pressure, are most important. The study was carried out inresponse to the growing number ofwater supply problems inthe city. It was also do...

31 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2051 | Lượt tải: 1

Paddy productivity and variable factors efficiencywere calculated based on a farm survey. Logit regression was employed to relate econometrically a set of farmer characteristics to indicators of pesticide exposure to identify types of health impairments that may be attributed to prolonged pesticide use. Then, the pesticides' negative effects o...

39 trang | Chia sẻ: haohao89 | Ngày: 04/06/2013 | Lượt xem: 2125 | Lượt tải: 0