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Note: SMI defines the general rules for naming objects, defining object types (including range and length), and showing how to encode objects and values. SMI defines neither the number of objects an entity should manage, nor names the objects to be managed nor defines the association between the objects and their values.

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Example 1 Let us see how we can directly use SMTP to send an email and simulate the commands and responses we described in this section. We use TELNET to log into port 25 (the well-known port for SMTP). We then use the commands directly to send an email. In this example, forouzanb@adelphia.net is sending an email to himself. The first few lines sh...

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Example 1 (cONTINUED) 6. The client issues a passive open on an ephemeral port for the data connection and sends the PORT command (over the control connection) to give this port number to the server. 7. The server does not open the connection at this time, but it prepares itself for issuing an active open on the data connection between po...

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Example 1 Figure 18.11 shows an example of option negotiation. In this example, the client wants the server to echo each character sent to the server. In other words, when a character is typed at the user keyboard terminal, it goes to the server and is sent back to the screen of the user before being processed. The echo option is enabled by the se...

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17.1 NAME SPACE The names assigned to machines must be unique because the addresses are unique. A name space that maps each address to a unique name can be organized in two ways: flat or hierarchical. The topics discussed in this section include: Flat Name Space Hierarchical Name Space 17.2 DOMAIN NAME SPACE The domain name space is hierarc...

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16.2 DHCP The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides static and dynamic address allocation that can be manual or automatic. The topics discussed in this section include: Static Address Allocation Dynamic Address Allocation Manual and Automatic Configuration Packet Format Transition States Exchanging Messages

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15.2 MULTICAST APPLICATIONS Multicasting has many applications today such as access to distributed databases, information dissemination, teleconferencing, and distance learning. The topics discussed in this section include: Access to Distributed Databases Information Dissemination Dissemination of News Teleconferencing Distance Learning

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14.3 RIP The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intradomain routing protocol used inside an autonomous system. It is a very simple protocol based on distance vector routing. The topics discussed in this section include: RIP Message Format Requests and Responses Timers in RIP RIP Version 2 Encapsulation

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13.2 SCTP FEATURES We discuss the general features of SCTP and then compare them with those of TCP. The topics discussed in this section include: Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) Stream Identifier (SI) Stream Sequence Number (SSN) Packets Acknowledgment Number Flow Control Error Control Congestion Control

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Example 5 Figure 12.21 shows an unrealistic example of a sliding window. The sender has sent bytes up to 202. We assume that cwnd is 20 (in reality this value is thousands of bytes). The receiver has sent an acknowledgment number of 200 with an rwnd of 9 bytes (in reality this value is thousands of bytes). The size of the sender window is the mini...

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